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Topic Review
Heart Rate Monitoring of Livestock
For all homoeothermic living organisms, heart rate (HR) is a core variable to control the metabolic energy production in the body, which is crucial to realize essential bodily functions. Consequently, HR monitoring is becoming increasingly important in research of farm animals, not only for production efficiency, but also for animal welfare. Real-time HR monitoring for humans has become feasible though there are still shortcomings for continuously accurate measuring. This paper is an effort to estimate whether it is realistic to get a continuous HR sensor for livestock that can be used for long term monitoring. The review provides the reported techniques to monitor HR of living organisms by emphasizing their principles, advantages, and drawbacks. Various properties and capabilities of these techniques are compared to check the potential to transfer the mostly adequate sensor technology of humans to livestock in term of application. Based upon this review, we conclude that the photoplethysmographic (PPG) technique seems feasible for implementation in livestock. Therefore, we present the contributions to overcome challenges to evolve to better solutions. Our study indicates that it is realistic today to develop a PPG sensor able to be integrated into an ear tag for mid-sized and larger farm animals for continuously and accurately monitoring their HRs.
  • 899
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Heat and Moisture Transfer in Clothing Materials
Clothing as a tool connecting the human body and environment provides thermal and moisture comfort, and protective performance in cold, moderate, and extremely hot environments. The heat and moisture transfer properties of clothing materials are commonly evaluated using experimental study, mathematical modeling, and computer simulation.
  • 638
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Heat Exchanger Design Methods
Finned tube heat exchangers are used in many technological applications in both civil and industrial sectors. Their large-scale use requires a design aimed at reaching high thermal efficiency as well as avoiding unnecessary waste of resources in terms of time and costs. Multi-scale methods are very flexible and suitable for different heat exchanger geometries and working conditions because they integrate analytical methods’ benefits with more accurate numerical approaches. The hybrid method is an alternative design procedure based on an algorithm that uses a multi-scale method, based on data from either analytical, numerical, or experimental investigations.
  • 756
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Heat Management Strategies for an Induction Motor
Induction motors have gained a renewed interest due to this new shift from conventional power sources to electric power. These motors are known for their high commencing torque, adequate speed control, and reasonable overload capacity. However, induction motors have an innate thermal issue wherein their lifespan and performance are strongly temperature dependent. Hence, it is highly essential to focus on the thermal management aspect of these motors to ensure reliability and enhance performance. This research suggests an integrated approach with two or more cooling strategies and help to serve members of the scientific community, manufacturers or motors users who are interested in the thermal management of induction motors
  • 926
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heat Pipe Type Applied in the Air-Conditioning System
An air-conditioning system (ACS), which consumes large amounts of high-grade energy, is essential for maintaining the indoor thermal environment of modern buildings. However, an ACS consumes almost half of the total energy of the building. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the energy consumption of the ACS to promote energy conservation and emission reduction in the building sector. In fact, there is an abundance of waste heat and low-grade energies with the potential to be utilized in ACS in nature, but many of them are not utilized efficiently or cannot be utilized at all due to the low efficiency of thermal energy conversion. Known as a passive thermal transfer device, the application of a heat pipe (HP) in the ACS has shown explosive growth in recent years. HPs have been demonstrated to be an effective method for reducing building cooling and heating demands and energy consumption in ACS with experimental and simulation methods. 
  • 207
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Heat Pump
The Heat Pump (HP) is an environmentally friendly and renewable energy technology that exploits renewable heat energy from the ground, air or water for building or industrial applications by reversing the natural heat flow from a lower to a higher useful temperature. HP technology is commonly classified according to its source, function, type of energy and application. The HPs in cold climate countries are accepted as one of the most outstanding technologies of heating in both residential and commercial buildings, because they provide high seasonal performance factor (SPF), 1.8–3.4 for air source heat pump (ASHP) and 2.5–5.6 for ground source heat pump (GSHP) and water source heat pump (WSHP). However, the spread is large, because of different equipment, design and installation quality as well as maintenance. 
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Heat Stress and Decision Tools
Over the last few decades, Urban Heat Stress (UHS) has become a crucial concern of scientists and policy-makers. Many projects have been implemented to mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects using nature-based solutions. However, decision-making and selecting an adequate framework are difficult because of complex interactions between natural, social, economic and built environments. This paper contributes to the UHI issue by (i) identifying the most important key factors of a Decision Support Tool (DST) used for urban heat mitigation, (ii) presenting multi-criteria methods applied to urban heat resilience, (iii) reviewing existing spatial and non-spatial DSTs, (iv) and analyzing, classifying and ranking DSTs. It aims to help decision-makers through an overview of the pros and cons of existing DSTs and indicate which tool is providing maximum support for choosing and planning heat resilience measures from the designing phase to the heat mitigation phase. This review shows that Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) can be used for any pilot site and the criteria can be adapted to the given location accordingly. It also highlights that GIS-based spatial tools have an effective decision support system (DSS) because they offer a quick assessment of interventions and predict long-term effects of urban heat. A comparative study using specific chosen criteria concludes that the DSS tool is well suited and fulfils many prerequisites to support new policies and interventions to mitigate UHS.   
  • 649
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Heat Transfer and Bearing Characteristics
Energy piles are commonly frictional piles that are subject to lateral frictional resistance and tip resistance balanced with external forces. To simplify the model, an energy pile is usually assumed to be a rod that deforms thermally. Energy piles are subjected to thermal and mechanical stresses simultaneously.
  • 573
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Natural Gas Hydrate
As a typical unconventional energy reservoir, natural gas hydrate is believed to be the most promising alternative for conventional resources in future energy patterns. The exploitation process of natural gas hydrate comprises a hydrate phase state, heat and mass transfer, and multi-phase seepage. Therefore, the study of heat transfer characteristics of gas hydrate is of great significance for an efficient exploitation of gas hydrate.
  • 151
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Heat Transfer Limitations in Supercritical Water Gasification
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a promising technology for the valorization of wet biomass with a high-water content, which has attracted increasing interest. Many experimental studies have been carried out using conventional heating equipment at lab scale, where researchers try to obtain insight into the process. However, heat transfer from the energy source to the fluid stream entering the reactor may be ineffective, so slow heating occurs that produces a series of undesirable reactions, especially char formation and tar formation. This paper reviews the limitations due to different factors affecting heat transfer, such as low Reynolds numbers or laminar flow regimes, unknown real fluid temperature as this is usually measured on the tubing surface, the strong change in physical properties of water from subcritical to supercritical that boosts a deterioration in heat transfer, and the insufficient mixing, among others. In addition, some troubleshooting and new perspectives in the design of efficient and effective devices are described and proposed to enhance heat transfer, which is an essential aspect in the experimental studies of SCWG to move it forward to a larger scale.
  • 385
  • 17 Jan 2022
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