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Topic Review
Alternative Aviation Fuels/Pathways
The Paris Agreement’s objectives related to climate change put aviation under great pressure and environmental inspection. In particular, the aviation industry is committed to achieving a 50% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. A shift to alternative aviation fuels seems imperative. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has identified the production of drop-in sustainable liquid fuels (SAFs) as the most promising strategy, at least short term, to reduce the environmental impact of the sector.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Clinker Technologies for Reducing Carbon Emissions
The production of one ton of Ordinary Portland Cement releases considerable amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. As the need and demand for this material grows exponentially, it has become a challenge to increase its production at a time when climate-related problems represent a major global concern. The two main CO2 contributors in this process are fossil fuel combustion to heat the rotary kiln and the chemical reaction associated with the calcination process, in the production of the clinker, the main component of OPC. The current entry presents a critical review of the existent alternative clinker technologies (ACTs) that are under an investigation trial phase or under restricted use for niche applications and that lead to reduced emissions of CO2.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Alternative Fuels for the Marine Sector
Fossil fuel combustion is a major source of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), which cause global warming. To prevent further increases in anthropogenic GHGs, the global community needs to take action in each segment of the economy, including the shipping sector. Among different measures for reducing shipping emissions, the most promising one is the replacement of conventional marine fuels with alternatives.
  • 151
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Alternative Fuels in Maritime Sector
The current sulfur oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and greenhouse gases (GHG) regulations have pressured international maritime transportation to adopt lower-emission fuels. Alternative fuels have received strong attention due to the fact they can be cleaner and environmentally friendly and, in some options, similar to the heavy fuel oil (HFO) and marine gas oil (MGO) used. The liquefied natural gas (LNG) is undoubtedly the main low carbon alternative with many ships already operating with this source in the world. Eighty-eight percent of the papers referred to LNG as an important source in the maritime sector for greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction. Hydrogen is one of the most cited options (16.2%). In a tank-to-wheel assessment, H2 from fossil sources has nil GHG emissions, which can also be highly carbon-intensive when analyzed from a well-to-wheel perspective. Biodiesel is a renewable and low carbon source, which represented 14.5% of total mentions. This option, together with hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) (3.8%) and straight vegetable oil (SVO) (3.4%) are sources that can be blended into the current marine engines without further modification. 
  • 730
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Aluminium Casting Processes
Aluminium castings have been widely used in many industries, including automotive, aerospace, telecommunication, construction, consumer products, etc., due to their lightweight, good electric and thermal conductivity, and electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI) shielding properties. There are many aluminium casting processes, including sand casting, shell mould casting, pressure die casting, lost foam casting, permanent mould casting, investment (lost wax) casting, centrifugal casting, squeezing casting, semi-solid casting, continuous casting, etc. Aluminium castings made through different casting processes may have different surface quality, different gas contents, different porosity, different mechanical properties, etc. These different properties of aluminium castings from different casting processes, especially gas content, porosity, and ductility, will affect the weldability/joinability and joint quality.
  • 340
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Aluminium friction-stir welding with nanoparticles
Welding is a widely used and critical joining process in fabrication industries and consumes a lot of energy and materials. Friction stir welding process is most commonly and emerging process in solid state processes. In FSW, heat for welding is generated with pressure applied between the rotational tool and base metal, leading to plastic deformation without melting of the base metal and without change in the primary microstructure of the base metal. Aluminium and its alloys have been seen to be a viable and, in some cases, superior alternative to steel. the FSW process occurs below the melting temperature of the Al alloys, resulting in avoidance of metal solidification defects, less deformation, porosity and cracks, and improved mechanical integrity of the joints. For improving mechanical properties, nanoparticles have commonly been used as reinforcement particles, as their size leads to uniform dispersion, grain refinement and reducing joint flaws.
  • 799
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Aluminosilicate Clay Minerals
The current focus on renewable energy sources and the circular economy favors the thermal conversion of low-quality fuels, such as biomass and waste. However, the main limitation of their usability in the power sector is the risk of slagging, fouling, ash deposition, and high-temperature corrosion. These problems may be avoided or significantly mitigated by the application of aluminosilicate clay minerals as fuel additives.
  • 387
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Aluminum Alloy 5083
The semi-solid metal (SSM) 5083 aluminum alloy was developed for part manufacturing in the marine shipbuilding industry and including other industries using this material in the manufacture of parts.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Aluminum Foam Sandwich
The aluminum foam sandwich (AFS), a typical AFCS, is composed of external solid panels and an internal porous aluminum foam core. According to the service conditions and manufacturing method, titanium, steel, aluminum, wood, ceramic, carbon fiber, and other materials can serve as the above-mentioned solid panels.
  • 424
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aluminum-Fuel-Based Energy Conversion Systems
Metallic aluminum is widely used in propellants, energy-containing materials, and batteries due to its high energy density. In addition to burning in the air, aluminum can react with water to generate hydrogen. Aluminum is carbon-free and the solid-phase products can be recycled easily after the reaction. Micron aluminum powder is stable in the air and enables global trade. Aluminum metal is considered to be a viable recyclable carrier for clean energy.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Jan 2023
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