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Topic Review
Fruit and Vegetable Wastes
Food waste (FW) is already acknowledged as a major global issue that threatens the long-term viability of the food supply chain.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Frying
Frying is one of the oldest unit operations to produce food products with a crisp texture, an aromatic flavour and a golden-brown colour. Deep-fried foods such as French fries, potato/veggie crisps are popular among consumers. Detailed insights into the frying process in terms of heat, mass (water and oil) and momentum transfers are outlined in this entry.
  • 2.7K
  • 28 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Technology
Fuel cell electric vehicles, which optimally combine the fuel cell system with hybrid energy storage systems, represented by batteries and ultracapacitors, to meet the dynamic power demand required by the electric motor and auxiliary systems.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Heavy-Duty Vehicle
Long-haul heavy-duty vehicles, including trucks and coaches, contribute to a substantial portion of the modern-day European carbon footprint and pose a major challenge in emissions reduction due to their energy-intensive usage. Depending on the hydrogen fuel source, the use of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) for long-haul applications has shown significant potential in reducing road freight CO2 emissions until the possible maturity of future long-distance battery-electric mobility. Fuel cell heavy-duty (HD) propulsion presents some specific characteristics, advantages and operating constraints, along with the notable possibility of gains in powertrain efficiency and usability through improved system design and intelligent onboard energy and thermal management. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles
With the development of the global economy, the automobile industry is also developing constantly. In recent years, due to the shortage of environmental energy and other problems, seeking clean energy as the power source of vehicles to replace traditional fossil energy could be one of the measures to reduce environmental pollution. Among them, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) have been widely studied by researchers for their advantages of high energy efficiency, environmental protection, and long driving range.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Power Systems
Fuel cells as clean power sources are very attractive for the maritime sector, which is committed to sustainability and reducing greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutant emissions from ships. 
  • 769
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Products for Sustainable Transportation
Hydrogen and fuel cells have gained attention as a viable alternative energy system. In general, fuel cells work with fuels like hydrogen, methanol, or natural gas to convert the chemical energy in the fuel into direct current (DC) without intermediate combustion, as is the case with conventional engines. Their improved efficiency and minimal emissions make fuel cells a candidate for a sustainable source of energy technology for the future. The type of fuel cell, costs of raw materials, and methods of manufacturing determine the fuel cell market and hence the transition towards the hydrogen economy.
  • 423
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fuel Cell Technology
The role of cogeneration is currently essential in the field of energy efficiency measures. The fuel cell acts in cogeneration, i.e., both heat and electricity are produced from the same energy source, which is an innovative technology with very significant energy savings. 
  • 467
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Fuel Cells
Fast start-up, high efficiency, no toxic emissions into the atmosphere and good modularity are the key advantages of fuel cell applications. Despite the merits associated with fuel cells, the high cost of the technology remains a key factor impeding its widespread commercialization.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Fuel Cells Technologies
The complexity of Fuel Cell (FC) systems demands a profound and sustained understanding of the various phenomena occurring inside of it. Thus far, FCs, especially Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), have been recognized as being among the most promising technologies for reducing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions because they can convert the chemical energy bonded to hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and heat.
  • 173
  • 09 Feb 2024
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