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Topic Review
Machine Vision Techniques in Agriculture
Introducing machine vision-based automation to the agricultural sector is essential to meet the food demand of a rapidly growing population. Furthermore, extensive labor and time are required in agriculture; hence, agriculture automation is a major concern and an emerging subject. Machine vision-based automation can improve productivity and quality by reducing errors and adding flexibility to the work process. Primarily, machine vision technology has been used to develop crop production systems by detecting stresses and diseases more efficiently.
  • 646
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites Processing Optimization
Carbon fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in automobile, aerospace and military lightweight manufacturing due to their excellent mechanical properties such as light weight, excellent fracture resistance, corrosion resistance and wear resistance, etc.
  • 511
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes for Nitrogen Recovery
The nitrogen is recovered in the form of ammonium in a concentrated feed solution free of bacteria viruses and other contaminants. High-quality water can also be produced when nonporous membranes are used. The rejection mechanisms of ammonium ions and the common membrane materials along with the challenges associated with nitrogen recovery are also critically discussed.  
  • 585
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Aluminum-Fuel-Based Energy Conversion Systems
Metallic aluminum is widely used in propellants, energy-containing materials, and batteries due to its high energy density. In addition to burning in the air, aluminum can react with water to generate hydrogen. Aluminum is carbon-free and the solid-phase products can be recycled easily after the reaction. Micron aluminum powder is stable in the air and enables global trade. Aluminum metal is considered to be a viable recyclable carrier for clean energy.
  • 2.0K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Drain Water Heat Recovery Applications in Domestic Conditions
The use of energy from waste can be a key means of reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and thus reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Waste energy can be a worthy alternative to conventional energy sources in construction.
  • 545
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Waste Gasification Technologies
The commercially available gasification technologies are classified according to various parameters, including the heat supply method, the gasifying agent used, and the reactor type. As for the design of the gasifier, they typically fall into three main categories, the fixed-bed (co-current, countercurrent, and cross current), fluidized bed (bubbling and circulating), and entrained fluidized bed, and, in addition to these, there are rotary kiln and plasma reactors. All these reactors have advantages and disadvantages, and the selection depends on the scale of operation, the characteristics of the feedstock, and the desired application of the produced gas.
  • 595
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste
Plastic is a non-degradable material that can persist in the environment for long periods of time. On the other hand, it is a very special material with a great number of advantages: it is affordable, versatile, light, and resistant. Plastic originates from petrochemicals and contains mostly hydrocarbons and some additives, such as antioxidants, flame retardants, and stabilizers, which make the material very bio-undegradable. Pyrolysis can be thermal or catalytic. Thermal pyrolysis requires higher temperatures (from 350 to 900 °C), which can lead to a low molecular weight and low quality products. Gases evolved during pyrolysis have a high calorific value, and could be used in different gas machines and engines for the generation of electricity without any other treatments or modifications. The addition of catalysts overcomes the limitations of thermal pyrolysis, by reducing either the reaction temperature or the time. The addition of catalysts improves conversion, reduces activation energy of pyrolysis, and enhances the fuel quality. The most commonly used catalysts for the pyrolysis of plastics are zeolites, polyciliate components, and clays. Compared to thermal pyrolysis, the catalytic process has the advantage of a lower process temperature, a reduction of solid residues such as carbonized char and volatile fraction, shorter time process, high product selectivity, and high-octane-number products. Zeolite-based catalysts are the best option for the pyrolysis of plastic waste, and for co-pyrolysis of combined plastic waste/biomass.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Prefabrication in Construction Industry
Prefabrication is a well-established method that is widely accepted and executed across many countries around the globe. Much work goes into prefabrication projects that span across several project phases. Some of the most unique and important aspects are acquiring raw materials, manufacturing, transporting, and installing prefabricated elements on a site. Post-occupancy, the study of the on-site performance of end products, validates the achievement of the expected design objectives, furthering the development of the project processes, and also helps identify research voids that must be filled. Technology has a way of expanding as it upgrades itself by virtue of growth in research and development areas. There is an ever-growing demand for the adaptation of new technologies in the prefab industry. Many stakeholders such as the clients, contractors, industry practitioners (e.g., architects/designers), and end-users are involved in this process, and it is important to consider their perspectives.
  • 715
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Natural Esters Additives to Improve the Properties
Regardless of their environmental and technical merits, natural esters have some limitations that are slowing down their total acceptance by transformer owners and utilities. Critical limitations and concerns include esters’ pour point, viscosity, oxidative stability, and ionization resistance.
  • 868
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Bioengineering Liver Organoids
Organoids as three-dimension (3D) cellular organizations partially mimic the physiological functions and micro-architecture of native tissues and organs, holding great potential for clinical applications. Advances in the identification of essential factors including physical cues and biochemical signals for controlling organoid development have contributed to the success of growing liver organoids from liver tissue and stem/progenitor cells. However, to recapitulate the physiological properties and the architecture of a native liver, one has to generate liver organoids that contain all the major liver cell types in correct proportions and relative 3D locations as found in a native liver.
  • 289
  • 04 Jan 2023
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