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Topic Review
TLS Survey for Heritage Building Information Modeling
Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) is an essential technology for heritage documentation, conservation, and management. It enables people to understand, archive, advertise, and virtually reconstruct their built heritage. Creating highly accurate HBIM models requires the use of several reality capture tools, such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), photogrammetry, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), etc. 
  • 410
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gelatin-Based Hydrogels
Hydrogels have become one of the potential polymers used with great performance for many issues and can be promoted as biomaterials with highly innovative characteristics and different uses. Gelatin is obtained from collagen, a co-product of the meat industry. Thus, converting wastes such as cartilage, bones, and skins into gelatin would give them added value. Gelatin-based hydrogels have been shown to be useful for different applications with important and innovative characteristics. 
  • 480
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Yoga Using Intelligent Internet of Things
The detection and monitoring of the yoga postures are possible with the Intelligent Internet of Things (IIoT), which is the integration of intelligent approaches (machine learning) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Considering the increment in yoga practitioners, the integration of IIoT and yoga has led to the successful implementation of IIoT-based yoga training systems.
  • 425
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Electrohydrodynamic Pump Structure and Material
In 1961, a theory relating to ionic wind was developed by Robinson, who proposed the possibility of developing functional electrostatic blowers, namely electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pumps. 
  • 639
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Silicon Radiation Detectors: Basic Principles and Requirements
Silicon radiation detectors are a special type of microelectronic sensor which plays a crucial role in many applications, from industry to medicine, from cultural heritage to environmental monitoring, homeland security and safety (e.g., in nuclear power plants), to cite but a few, as well as in many fields of fundamental and applied research, including high energy physics (HEP), photon science and astronomy. In this entry, the basic principles and requirements are described, with emphasis on technological aspects. 
  • 399
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Classical Gas Identification Algorithms for Gas Sensor Array
Electronic noses have been applied in various fields, such as food quality, environmental assessment, coal mine risk prediction, and disease diagnosis. Algorithms can be useful to enhance the performance of the electronic noses, such as correcting drift and predict the exact concentration of each gas in mixtures.
  • 404
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Applications of FSW in Non-Heat-Treatable Al Alloys Joining
Friction stir welding (FSW) is an effective solid-state joining process that has the potential to overcome common problems correlated with conventional fusion welding processes. FSW is used for the joining of metallic materials, in particular Al alloys (non-heat-treatable and heat-treatable). The heat produced by the friction between the rotating tool and the workpiece material generates a softened region near the FSW tool. 
  • 332
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Decomposition Characteristics of Iron Ore during Smelting Reduction
Against the background of low global carbonization, blast furnace ironmaking technology with coking puts huge amounts of pressure on the global steel industry to save energy and reduce emissions due to its high pollution levels and high energy consumption. Bath smelting reduction technology is globally favored and studied by metallurgists as a non-blast furnace ironmaking technology that directly reduces iron ore into liquid metal without using coke as the raw material. The smelting reduction reaction of iron ore, which is the core reaction of the process, is greatly significant to its productivity and energy saving. 
  • 708
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Small-Signal Stability in Microgrid
The microgrid (MG) system is a controlled and supervised power system consisting of renewable energy (RE)-based distributed generation (DG) units, loads, and energy storage. The MG can be operated autonomously or while connected to the grid. Higher intermittencies and uncertainties can be observed in MGs compared to the conventional power system, which is the possible source of small-signal stability in MG systems. It can be seen as disturbances around the stable operating point, which potentially lead to the small-signal instability problem within MGs. Small-signal instability issues also emerge due to the lack of damping torque in the MG. The integration of power electronic devices and complex control algorithms within MGs introduces novel challenges in terms of small-signal stability and possible resonances. The occurrence of interaction in a low- or no-inertia system might worsen the stability margin, leading to undamped oscillatory instability. The interaction within the MG is characterized by various frequency ranges, from low-frequency subsynchronous oscillation to high-frequency ranges around the harmonic frequencies.
  • 455
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The 5G Spectrum Standardization
The rapid increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of smart devices has spurred the demand for extremely large-capacity wireless networks. Thus, faster data transmission rates and greater spectral efficiency have become critical requirements in modern-day networks. The ubiquitous 5G is an end-to-end network capable of accommodating billions of linked devices and offering high-performance broadcast services due to its several enabling technologies.
  • 563
  • 21 Apr 2023
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