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Topic Review
Digital Twin
A digital twin is a virtual model of a physical object, a process, a machine, or their component that can be converted into an inherently complex mathematical model. The term of digital twin can be understood in correspondence to a digital shadow and a digital model. A digital twin is based on automatic data flow in contrast to the digital shadow which can work based either on manual or automatic data flow. Whereas a digital model can operate with manual data flow solely. It should be underlined here that a digital model and a physical object are not interconnected by any automatic data exchange. Consequently, a digital shadow is defined as a digital version of an object (a process, a machine, or their component; further mentioned as an object) that is characterized by a one-direction impact between a physical and digital object. A change in any state of a physical object is reflected in a digital model of a physical object, while the reverse situation does not occur. In the case of a digital twin, an impact between a physical object and its digital reflection is mutual. Once a change in any state in a physical object occurs, it automatically leads to a change in a digital object. The opposite interconnection occurs as well. A digital twin is characterized by the following features: interoperability (objects, machines, and people need to be able to communicate with each other via the Internet and in particular IoT in order to enable mutual interconnection of a digital twin with a physical object), virtualization (everything physical within a particular object, process or facility must have a virtual equivalent), autonomy (understood through the mutual communication), working in real-time (a digital twin and a corresponding physical object must operate in real-time, aggregate collected data, analyze them and make decisions in accordance with new arrangements). Currently, many machines and products within the manufacturing industry have sufficient prerequisites to use digital twins, for example owing to the connection of production machines to the IT systems. Alongside means of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies including the Internet of Things, cloud computing, cyber-physical systems, big data and analytics, simulation and augmented reality, this technology fits into the concept of innovations within Industry 4.0.   The terms of a digital twin, digital shadow, and digital model were defined based on the following references: 1.       Fuller, A.; Fan, Z.; Day, C.; Barlow, C. Digital Twin: Enabling Technologies, Challenges and Open Research. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 108952–108971, doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2998358. 2.       Kosacka-Olejnik, M.; Kostrzewski, M.; Marczewska, M.; Mrówczyńska, B.; Pawlewski, P. How Digital Twin Concept Supports Internal Transport Systems?—Literature Review. Energies 2021, 14, 4919. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164919 3.       Muhuri, P.K.; Shukla, A.K.; Abraham, A. Industry 4.0: A Bibliometric Analysis and Detailed Overview. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2019, 78, 218–235, doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2018.11.007. 4.       Tay, S.I.; Lee, T.C.; Hamid, N.Z.A.; Ahmad, A.N.A. An Overview of Industry 4.0: Definition, Components, and Government Initiatives. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 2018, 10, 1379–1387. 5.       Trotta, D.; Garengo, P. Industry 4.0 Key Research Topics: A Bibliometric Review. In Proceedings of the 2018 7th International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management (ICITM); IEEE: Oxford, United Kingdom, March 2018; pp. 113–117.
  • 538
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Digital Twin Applications
Industrial Digital Twin (IDT) systems integrate physical and virtual data throughout a product life cycle.
  • 690
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Digital Twin Approach in Buildings
In 2011, the term Digital Twin was originally introduced by Michael Grieves to define the synchronization between two realities: physical objects placed in a real space and virtual objects within in virtual space, linked through the mutual exchange of data throughout the entire lifecycle, both in real-time and asynchronously. Digital Twin is among the principal and emerging technological innovations of both Industry 4.0 and the emerging Industry 5.0, enabling an interaction between physical and virtual objects, Big Data, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence. The construction sector, too, is now exploring the potentialities offered by the Digital Twin approach in enhancing innovative, responsible, and sustainable governance of buildings’ lifecycles. 
  • 132
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Digital Twin Concept Developing on an Electrical System
Through the transformation that the electrical sector has been passing by, improvements in asset management and the guarantee of sustainable and quality services have become essential aspects for power companies. Thus, the digitalization of energy utilities presents itself as an important and crucial process. A concept that involves a variety of innovative trends is the digital twin. It consists of a 3D virtual replica of existing physical objects and real-time monitoring of certain measures. By developing a digital twin in the electrical power grid, a virtual replica of the network is obtained providing network virtual maps, 3D asset models, dynamic and real-time data of grid assets, and IoT sensing. All these data can feed a platform where AI-based models and advanced field operation technologies and solutions will be applied. With a Network Digital Twin©development, applications involving on-field activities can be improved through augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance workforce operations. 
  • 943
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Digital Twin Definitions and Categories
During the course of its rapid expansion into various fields of application, many definitions of the Digital Twin emerged, tailored to its respective applications. Taxonomies can cluster the diversity and define application-specific archetypes. 
  • 194
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Digital Twin for Heat Transition
The heat transition is a central pillar of the energy transition, aiming to decarbonize and improve the energy efficiency of the heat supply in both the private and industrial sectors. On the one hand, this is achieved by substituting fossil fuels with renewable energy. On the other hand, it involves reducing overall heat consumption and associated transmission and ventilation losses. In addition to refurbishment, digitalization contributes significantly. Despite substantial research on Digital Twins (DTs) for heat transition at different scales, a cross-scale perspective on heat optimization still needs to be developed. DTs can across various scales, from individual buildings to entire urban areas, intending to advance the transition to sustainable heating.
  • 188
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twin in the Construction Industry
Digital twin (DT) has gained significant recognition among researchers due to its potential across industries. DT presents the opportunity to develop digital models, which can be continually updated using several sources of data to make predictions regarding the current as well as future states and conditions of the physical asset. These models can be simulated for real-time predictions, optimisation, monitoring, and controlling, as well as enhanced decision-making regarding the status of a physical asset. In addition, DT utilises other technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and data analytics. With the prime goal of solving numerous challenges confronting the construction industry (CI), DT has witnessed several applications in the CI.
  • 390
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twin in the Maritime Domain
In the present world, simulation has become an integral part of system development for every engineering discipline. Starting from solving design problems using numerical algorithms in the 1960s, simulation has taken us to the digital era where simulation is integrated into the life cycle of the particular product including design, testing, manufacturing, commissioning, operating, and decommissioning. This process of evolution has opened the pathway to DT which is more versatile and dynamic than the physical twin concept. Ever since, the concept of Digital Twin (DT) has become a reality expanding its outreach to various disciplines around the world including the maritime domain. The novel concept of the DT was first proposed in the year 2002 by Dr Michael Grieves, a leading scientist in the field of advanced manufacturing at the Florida Institute of Technology at a manufacturing engineers conference in Troy, Michigan. His idea was based on constructing digital information on the physical model on his own. This digital information is a replica of the data embedded in the physical system which will be connected with the physical system in the complete life cycle of a particular system/component.
  • 734
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twin Smart Cities for Disaster Risk Management
It is widely accepted that digital and intelligence technologies can help solve key aspects of disaster risk management such as disaster prevention and mitigation, and rescue and recovery. Digital Twin (DT) is one of the most promising technologies for multi-stage management which offers significant potential to advance disaster resilience. Smart Cities (SCs) use pervasive information and communications technology to monitor activities in the city. With increasingly large applications of DTs combined with big data generated from sensors in a SC, it is possible to create Digital Twin Smart Cities (DTSCs).
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twin Technologies for Turbomachinery
Turbomachinery from a life cycle perspective involves sustainability-oriented development activities such as design, production, and operation. Digital Twin is a technology with great potential for improving turbomachinery, which has a high volume of investment and a long lifespan. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2021
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