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Defensible Spaces
Defensible space is the concept of creating spaces that include a series of architectural guidelines that are used when designing a new urban residential area to promote both the territorial claim of the residential groups to their surroundings and their ability to conduct natural surveillance of their spaces. Constructing safe environments with safe vocabularies for enhancing well-being is crucial for achieving quality of life in both peace and wartime. Warzone countries that suffer from many changes due to the effect of war (or fourth-generation wars) should be prepared to face those changes with safe spaces as well.
  • 752
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Deficiencies of Quantitative Disaster Risk Assessment for Railway
Natural hazards constantly threaten the sustainable construction and operation of railway engineering facilities, making railway disaster risk assessment an essential approach to disaster prevention. Despite numerous studies that have focused on railway risk assessment, few have quantified specific damages, such as economic losses and human casualties. Meanwhile, the mechanism of impact damage from various disasters on railway facilities and the propagation of functional failure in railway systems have not been thoroughly summarized and addressed. Thus, it is essential to conduct effective quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) to facilitate the sustainable design, construction, and operation of rail infrastructure. 
  • 307
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Define–Investigate–Estimate–Map (DIEM) Framework for Modeling Habitat Threats
The DIEM framework illustrates a method of defining threats on the basis of the derived definition, investigating an area using available spatial data, estimating threat severity using the principles used in existing equations, and mapping threats using spatial analysis methods.
  • 423
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Definition and Uses of Biocompatibility in Different Fields
Using the term “biomaterial” is more logical when referring to healthcare-related materials. This includes materials used to fabricate various medical tools and devices, such as those used in implants and surgery procedures. Therefore, for a material to be referred to as a “biomaterial”, it must follow the definition assigned by the National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference of November 1982, which states that “any substance (other than a drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system that treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body”.
  • 384
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Definition of Autonomous Cycles for the Agroindustrial Sector
One of the great current challenges of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is to dynamically innovate to improve their supply of goods, products, and services in order to respond to the changing needs of the market. In particular, several studies have concluded that investment in innovation has a high impact on the competitiveness of organizations, which can lead to the introduction of new products and processes. Thus, innovation is a means for companies to adapt to remain in the market, considering available resources.
  • 201
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Definitions of BIM by Organizations and Standards
The first documented representation of the concept of BIM—“building information modelling” was a scientific article by Giles A. (Sander) van Nederveen and Frits P. Tolman, which so named the techniques for multi-faceted representation of a building using views of its model.
  • 438
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Deformable Mirror
Deformable mirrors (DM) are mirrors whose surface can be deformed, in order to achieve wavefront control and correction of optical aberrations. Deformable mirrors are used in combination with wavefront sensors and real-time control systems in adaptive optics. In 2006 they found a new use in femtosecond pulse shaping. The shape of a DM can be controlled with a speed that is appropriate for compensation of dynamic aberrations present in the optical system. In practice the DM shape should be changed much faster than the process to be corrected, as the correction process, even for a static aberration, may take several iterations. A DM usually has many degrees of freedom. Typically, these degrees of freedom are associated with the mechanical actuators and it can be roughly taken that one actuator corresponds to one degree of freedom.
  • 402
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Degradation Modes for Safety Operation in Lithium Batteries
The degradation and safety study of lithium-ion batteries is becoming increasingly important given that these batteries are widely used not only in electronic devices but also in automotive vehicles. Consequently, the detection of degradation modes that could lead to safety alerts is essential. Existing methodologies are diverse, experimental based, model based, and the new trends of artificial intelligence.
  • 266
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Degradation of Concrete Structures in Nuclear Power Plants
Concrete, an integral part of a nuclear power plant (NPP), experiences degradation during their operational lifetime of the plant. The damage mechanism could be chemical or physical. The major causes of chemical degradation include alkali–aggregate reactions, leaching, sulfate attack, bases and acids attack, and carbonation. Physical degradation is a consequence of both environmental and mechanical factors combined. These factors are mainly elevated temperature, radiation, abrasion and erosion, salt crystallization, freeze–thaw distortions, fatigue and vibration. Additionally, steel reinforcements, prestressing steels, liner plates, and structural steel also experience degradation. 
  • 579
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Degree of Ambition and Renewable Energy in Shipping
The early strategy outlines various degrees of desire for the international shipping industry, stressing that technical advancement and the international introduction of alternative fuels and/or renewable energies for international shipping will be crucial to achieving the overall aim. Renewable energy can be implemented in shipping in one of two ways: (1) as retrofits for current fleets or (2) as part of new vessel designs. In terms of new ship concepts, most renewable energy technology will deliver electricity for auxiliary and additional uses, regardless of ship size.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Nov 2022
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