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Topic Review
D-10 Tank Gun
The D-10 is a Soviet 100 mm tank gun developed in late World War II. It originally equipped the SU-100 tank destroyers and was later selected for the T-55 tank, equipping these as late as 1979. On the T-55 the D-10 continues to be in active service in many countries.
  • 2.6K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Prestressed Concrete Girders
Prestressing methods were used to realize long-span bridges in the last few decades. For their maintenance, dynamic nondestructive procedures for identifying prestress losses were mainly developed since serviceability and safety of Prestressed Concrete (PC) girders depend on the effective state of prestressing. In fact, substantial long term prestress losses can induce excessive deflections and cracking in PC bridge girders. However, old unsolved problematics exist since a variation in prestress force does not significantly affect the vibration responses of such PC girders. As a result, this makes uncertain the use of natural frequencies as appropriate parameters for prestress loss determinations. Thus, amongst emerging techniques, static identification based on vertical deflections has preliminary proved to be a reliable method. In fact, measured vertical deflections take accurately and instantaneously into account the changes of structural geometry of PC girders due to prestressing losses. Given the current state of methodologies, the manuscript represents a state-of-the-art review of some important works on determining prestress losses. The attention is principally focused on a static nondestructive method, and a comparison with dynamic ones is elaborated.
  • 2.6K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Biography
Hans Albert Einstein
Hans Albert Einstein (/aɪnˈstaɪn, -ˈʃtaɪn/ eyen-STYNE, -⁠SHTYNE; May 14, 1904 – July 26, 1973) was a Swiss-American engineer and educator, the second child and first son of Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić. Hans A. Einstein was a professor of Hydraulic Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley,[1] and was recognized for his research on sediment transport.[2] His papers are
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aircraft Livery
An aircraft livery is a set of comprehensive insignia comprising color, graphic, and typographical identifiers which operators (airlines, governments, Air force s and occasionally private and corporate owners) apply to their aircraft. As aircraft liveries evolved in the years after the Second World War, they became a leading subset of the emerging disciplines of corporate identity and branding and among the most prominent examples of fashion. They have provided an arena for the work of distinguished designers and eminent lay people like Raymond Loewy, Alexander Girard, and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. The term is an adaptation of the word livery: the uniform-style clothing worn by servants of wealthy families and government representatives until the early/mid-20th century. With the advent of stagecoaches, railway trains, and steamships, the term livery spread to their decoration. Since the 1950s, elements of airline liveries permeated ground vehicles, advertising, proprietary airport furniture, airline promotional materials and aircrew uniforms in an increasingly integrated manner, spreading to airline websites in the 1990s. Since the 1950s and 60s, aircraft liveries have usually been uniform livery across an entire fleet. One-off custom-designs might be applied from time to time to individual fleet members to highlight set occasions.
  • 2.6K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stress and Strain Induced Transformations
Displacive stress and strain induced transformations are those transformations that occur when the formation of martensite or bainitic ferrite is promoted by the application of stress or strain. These transformations have been shown to be one of the mechanisms by which the mechanical properties of a microstructure can be improved, as they lead to a better ductility and strength by the transformation induced plasticity effect. 
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Weapons of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War
This article is about the weapons used in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, involved the Vietnam (Army: People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN)), People's Republic of Kampuchea (Army: Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (KPRAF)) which of the Khmer Rouge (Army:Kampuchean Revolutionary Army), Khmer People's National Liberation Front (Army: Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces), FUNCINPEC and Thailand (Army: Royal Thai Armed Forces (Thai: กองทัพไทย; RTGS: Kong Thap Thai)) (border clashes) From Vietnam and People's Republic of Kampuchea supported by Soviet Union and other country socialist. From Khmer Rouge supported by China , Khmer People's National Liberation Front and FUNCINPEC supported by United States and United Kingdom
  • 2.6K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hydro Generation Scheduling
The optimal generation scheduling (OGS) of hydropower units holds an important position in electric power systems, which is significantly investigated as a research issue. Hydropower has a slight social and ecological effect when compared with other types of sustainable power source. The target of long-, mid-, and short-term hydro scheduling (LMSTHS) is to optimize the power generation schedule of the accessible hydropower units, which generate maximum energy by utilizing the available potential during a specific period. Numerous traditional optimization procedures are first presented for making a solution to the LMSTHS problem. Lately, various optimization approaches, which have been assigned as a procedure based on experiences, have been executed to get the optimal solution of the generation scheduling of hydro systems. This article offers a complete survey of the implementation of various methods to get the OGS of hydro systems by examining the executed methods from various perspectives. Optimal solutions obtained by a collection of meta-heuristic optimization methods for various experience cases are established, and the presented methods are compared according to the case study, limitation of parameters, optimization techniques, and consideration of the main goal. Previous studies are mostly focused on hydro scheduling that is based on a reservoir of hydropower plants. Future study aspects are also considered, which are presented as the key issue surrounding the LMSTHS problem.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Green Supply Chain Management
Green supply chain management (GSCM) involves environmental concerns in supply chain activities to minimize ecological impacts. The aim of GSCM is to find a balance between economic and environmental activities. GSCM deals with the concept of sustainability of the entire supply chain network along with providing green products or services to customers.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Interferometry
Interferometry is a family of techniques in which waves, usually electromagnetic waves, are superimposed causing the phenomenon of interference in order to extract information. Interferometry is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber optics, engineering metrology, optical metrology, oceanography, seismology, spectroscopy (and its applications to chemistry), quantum mechanics, nuclear and particle physics, plasma physics, remote sensing, biomolecular interactions, surface profiling, microfluidics, mechanical stress/strain measurement, velocimetry, and optometry.:1–2 Interferometers are widely used in science and industry for the measurement of small displacements, refractive index changes and surface irregularities. In most interferometers, light from a single source is split into two beams that travel different optical paths, then combined again to produce interference, however, under the some circumstances two incoherent sources can also be interfered. The resulting interference fringes give information about the difference in optical path length. In analytical science, interferometers are used to measure lengths and the shape of optical components with nanometer precision; they are the highest precision length measuring instruments existing. In Fourier transform spectroscopy they are used to analyze light containing features of absorption or emission associated with a substance or mixture. An astronomical interferometer consists of two or more separate telescopes that combine their signals, offering a resolution equivalent to that of a telescope of diameter equal to the largest separation between its individual elements.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Early-Age Cracking in Concrete
Cracking is a common problem in concrete structures in real-life service conditions. In fact, crack-free concrete structures are very rare to find in real world. Concrete can undergo early-age cracking depending on the mix composition, exposure environment, hydration rate, and curing conditions.
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Jun 2021
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