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Topic Review
Mosque Typo-Morphological Classification for Pattern Recognition
In the Muslim community, the congregation mosque, or masjid al-Jami in Arabic, is a place with expressive connotations. It is a place of worship and a place of gathering. Mosques are buildings that are intended to be acceptable for worship.
  • 164
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Maxwell’s Early Unitary View of Electricity and Fluid Mechanics
In young Maxwell’s eyes, electricity, magnetism and fluid mechanics present analogies that let the first be mathematically grasped in a unitary way similarly to the latter. This entry sketches the first steps of James Clerk Maxwell’s unitary view of electromagnetism and fluid mechanics, with long-lasting effects on understanding the physical world. In his very first paper on the subject, Maxwell interpreted Faraday’s concept of lines of force of both electricity and magnetism as filaments of a flowing fluid. That is, Maxwell suggested to unify the previously distinct fields of electricity and magnetism, considering them as different aspects of the same entity, the ‘electromagnetic field’, which is mathematically described by four partial differential equations. In the literature there are several comprehensive works on Maxwell’s mature exposition of his theory; however, the aim of this entry contribution is rather more limited. Indeed, it is restricted to examining the contributions of Maxwell’s first paper towards developing the idea of electric current as the motion of an incompressible fluid. Thus, this entry highlights the strong connections of Maxwell’s epistemological view with the ‘mechanistic’ approach of the time to every aspect of physical phenomenology. For this purpose, this entry mentions some historical context surrounding the emergence of Maxwell’s innovative concepts.
  • 368
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Deficiencies of Quantitative Disaster Risk Assessment for Railway
Natural hazards constantly threaten the sustainable construction and operation of railway engineering facilities, making railway disaster risk assessment an essential approach to disaster prevention. Despite numerous studies that have focused on railway risk assessment, few have quantified specific damages, such as economic losses and human casualties. Meanwhile, the mechanism of impact damage from various disasters on railway facilities and the propagation of functional failure in railway systems have not been thoroughly summarized and addressed. Thus, it is essential to conduct effective quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) to facilitate the sustainable design, construction, and operation of rail infrastructure. 
  • 247
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Deep-Learning-Based Channel Estimation Methods
With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, intelligent communication has become one of the mainstream research directions after the fifth generation (5G). In particular, deep learning has emerged as a significant artificial intelligence technology widely applied in the physical layer of wireless communication for achieving intelligent receiving processing. Channel estimation, a crucial component of physical layer communication, is essential for further information recovery. 
  • 463
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Transport Environmental Effects of Urban Road Network
As both developing and developed countries continue to urbanize, rapid urban growth is anticipated, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This will inevitably lead to enhancements in economic development, as well as the expansion of production, population, employment, travel demand, and freight transport demand in urban road networks. Transport can potentially lead to multiple social and environmental effects, such as difficulty with access, social severance, pedestrian accident risk, higher noise levels, greater air pollution, global warming, climate change, and other adverse consequences. 
  • 238
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Over-the-Top Platforms’ Usability
OTT (over-the-top) streaming is a subscription-based video service model that delivers video-on-demand content, films, and series directly to end-users over the Internet, bypassing the need for traditional satellite receiver systems. The most popular OTT service providers include Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime, and Disney+. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the viewership rates and subscriber numbers for OTT platforms rapidly increased. Like various other products and systems, usability problems can substantially impact user satisfaction, loyalty, and the intention to continue using OTT services. Therefore, this study aimed to conceptualize the usability of OTT platforms and develop an OTT Usability Measurement Scale for the usability evaluation of OTT platforms based on the Apple tvOS Guidelines and the literature. OTT platform usability was conceptualized with nine constructs, including Accessibility and Customization, Account Management, Data Entry and Search, Branding, Privacy, Navigation, Help, Content, and Design, and the concepts were measured with a scale including 48 items. The validity of the developed scale was tested through two separate survey studies conducted with Netflix web application users.
  • 204
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
MoS2 Nanomaterials as Lubricant Additives
Improving the lubricating properties of base oils through additives is a crucial objective of tribological research, as it helps to reduce friction and wear of materials. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a 2D nanomaterial with excellent tribological properties that is often used as a lubricant additive. Several studies have been conducted on the preparation and utilization of MoS2 and its nanocomposites as lubricant additives. 
  • 274
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Domain Adaptation in Computer and Robotic Vision
Domain adaptation methods play a pivotal role in facilitating seamless knowledge transfer and enhancing the generalization capabilities of computer and robotic vision systems. Domain adaptation techniques play a pivotal role in addressing the domain shift problem encountered in computer and robotic vision. These methods are designed to improve the generalization skills of vision models, enabling them to function well in situations outside the scope of their training data. 
  • 145
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Green Building Standards and Sustainability in Iran
The concept of green buildings (GBs) is a recent response to addressing the problems that stem from the building sector. The World Green Building Council (WGBC) defines a green building as “a building that reduces or eliminates negative impacts, in its design, construction or operation and can have positive impacts on the climate and natural environment”. Green buildings use environmentally friendly materials and ensure the optimal use of natural resources, such as water and energy, and minimum waste production. Researchers have analyzed various aspects of GBs, such as technological innovation, energy savings, risk management, influencing factors for development, policy incentives and regulations, and economic benefits.
  • 343
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Paint Atomization and Paint Film Formation
The special surface appearance of complex surfaces restricts the coating film quality of spraying. The study of the atomization and film formation characteristics of typical complex surfaces, as well as the spraying mechanism, is essential for planning the spraying robotic trajectory and improving the spraying efficiency. Modeling and characteristics of the atomization and film formation process, based on CFD numerical simulations in previous studies, are systematically reviewed, focusing especially on airless spraying. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the existing research from the perspective of numerical models and methods are discussed. Finally, a further research direction for spraying on complex surface is prospected. Overall, a comprehensive and up-to-date review of spray atomization and film formation characteristics is considered valuable to practitioners and researchers in these fields, and will facilitate the further application of robotic spraying in the mechanical, automotive, marine, aerospace, petrochemical and other industries.
  • 189
  • 22 Dec 2023
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