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Smart Factories for Mass Individualization
With the rise of individualism as a social trend and the wide use of the Internet and social media, today’s customers increasingly want to design and build unique products that fit their individual preferences and needs. Mass individualization is defined as a manufacturing paradigm that aims to produce individualized products cost-effectively. This paradigm differs from the previous paradigms in which the manufacturing company designed and manufactured the products, and the customer chose a product. In the mass individualization paradigm, the customers will be actively involved in product design, and the manufacturer will produce a unique product for each customer at a reasonable cost and of reliable quality. Due to the need for smooth communication and interactions between the buyer and the factory, new factories for individualized products will be located near potential buyers, which will have a significant impact on local economies. This entry explores the relationship between mass individualization and other emerging manufacturing paradigms and concepts in the Industry 4.0/5.0 era, and discusses how smart factories can improve manufacturing efficiency and facilitate the realization of the mass individualization paradigm.
  • 409
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Evolving Paradigms in Economic Dispatch
Economic Dispatch Problems (EDP) refer to the process of determining the power output of generation units such that the electricity demand of the system is satisfied at a minimum cost while technical and operational constraints of the system are satisfied. This procedure is vital in the efficient energy management of electricity networks since it can ensure the reliable and efficient operation of power systems. As power systems transition from conventional to modern ones, new components and constraints are introduced to power systems, making the EDP increasingly complex. This highlights the importance of developing advanced optimization techniques that can efficiently handle these new complexities to ensure optimal operation and cost-effectiveness of power systems. 
  • 111
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Business Models in Logistics
To make possible the integration and harmonization as well as the orchestration of independent logistics operations, smart platforms and platform ecosystems are necessary to effectively connect the providers of sustainable transport solutions and those who need them. 
  • 183
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Impact of Autonomous Navigation in Short Sea Shipping
Short sea shipping (SSS) is a concept created in the European Union (EU), building upon the traditional concept of cabotage, but expanding it to an EU scale and adding maritime connections to countries across seas surrounding Europe. In spite of being a European concept, the fact is that it applies very well to other areas of the world, often under other designations such as coastal shipping or international cabotage.
  • 250
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Physical and Market Structure of Peer-to-Peer Trading Networks
A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is a distributed self-organising network that does not need to have central nodes, and each node can act as either a server or a client at any given time. The evolution of DERs and the principles of peer-to-peer networks have given rise to interest in the concept of P2P energy trading networks. In a P2P energy trading network, there are no intermediate energy suppliers. People are encouraged to share their energy surplus directly with their local communities. The energy surplus will be sold at an export price, and the additional electricity demand can be encouraged by a cheaper-than-normal retail price.
  • 205
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Optical Sensors in CMOS
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)  technology allows integration with the CMOS readout and control electronics in the same microdevice, featuring high-volume fabrication with high-reproducibility and low-cost. Optical sensors in CMOS are being used extensively in the medical field as a key element in spectroscopy analysis. More specifically, they have been a great advance in the detection of gastrointestinal dysplasia and in the studies of Malaria infection. Furthermore, they have been applied in labs-on-a-chip and, more recently, in organs-on-a-chip devices and X-ray imaging. Optical sensors in CMOS are also promising solutions for other types of applications such as, for example, in photovoltaic (PV) sub-modules to measure the angles of incident light in the PV panels.
  • 167
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Surface-Modification Routes for Pool Boiling Enhancement
Surface coatings provide an efficient solution to modify boiling surfaces according to the demands of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer amelioration. The surface modification at macro-, micro-, and nanoscales is assessed concerning the underlying fluid routing and capability to eliminate the incipient boiling hysteresis and ameliorate the pool boiling heat-transfer ability, particularly when employed together with self-rewetting fluids and nanofluids with enriched thermophysical properties. Considering the nanofluids, it is viable to take the profit of their high thermal conductivity and their specific heat simultaneously and to produce a film of deposited nanoparticles onto the heating surface, which possesses enhanced surface roughness and an increased density of nucleation sites.
  • 109
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Artificial Neural Networks to Renewable Energies
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become key methods for achieving global climate goals. The applications of ANNs to renewable energies such as solar, wind, and tidal energy were studied. 
  • 109
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Integrated Systems of Light Pipes in Buildings
Artificial lighting comprises nearly one-third of the total electrical load of buildings, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Reducing the carbon emissions caused by artificial lighting is one of the ways to achieve low-carbon buildings. To meet the demand for high-efficiency, energy-saving, and comfortable lighting, light pipes are increasingly used in buildings. Sky conditions as a dynamic factor always affect the performance of light pipes. The combination of light pipes and an artificial lighting system can effectively solve this problem. A light pipe can be integrated with a ventilation stack to achieve the ventilation and cooling or heating of a building. A lighting-heating coupled light guide can improve the energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings, such as where antimony tin oxide nanofluid is introduced to absorb additional heat and then provide domestic hot water. The application of a photocatalyst to light pipes can realize air purification and self-cleaning. The use of light pipes does not consume electricity and can reduce the time spent using artificial lighting, thus allowing for power savings. From a whole life cycle perspective, the use of light pipes can be a balance of cost and benefit. In conclusion, such information could be useful for engineers, researchers, and designers to assess the suitability of applying integrated light pipes in different building types and examine the potential of energy and cost savings.
  • 155
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Energy Management Systems in Microgrids
Microgrids usually employ distributed energy resources such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaic modules, etc. When multiple distributed generation resources with different features are used in microgrids, managing these resources becomes an important problem. The generated power of solar photovoltaic modules and wind turbines used in microgrids is constantly changing with solar irradiation and wind speed. Due to this impermanent and uncertain nature of renewable energy resources, generally, energy storage systems are employed in microgrid systems. To control the distributed energy resources and energy storage units and sustain the supply and demand balance within the microgrid and provide sustainable and reliable energy to the loads, energy management systems are used. Many methods are used to realize and optimize energy management in microgrids. 
  • 208
  • 26 Feb 2024
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