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Topic Review
Models for Predicting Material Durability and Service Lifetime
Substantial gains and savings of resources of time and money can be gained through the use of modelling and simulation to understand material system performance. Since for development of the new materials validation is expensive and time-consuming, the bottleneck is time and funding—modelling might be the way to replace testing programs, which would be beneficial for providing new innovative materials faster to the market.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
De-Handing Technologies for Banana Postharvest Operations
Bananas are the largest fruit crop in terms of planting area and trade volume in the world. Banana planting is mainly concentrated in developing countries in tropical and subtropical regions such as China, Brazil, India, Ecuador and the Philippines where it provides one of the main sources of income for farmers. The harvest and postharvest operations in bananas primarily include field picking, ropeway transportation, de-handing, cleaning and disinfecting, and packaging and distributing to grocery outlets. With the development and advancement of mechanization, automation and intelligent technologies, the production efficiency of banana farmers has been greatly improved. Currently, various operations in banana postharvest operations have been mechanized to varying degrees; however, the de-handing operation still relies on manual labor.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Data Acquisition and Storage for Smart Manufacturing
The evolution of technology and especially the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to a new kind of manufacturing known as Smart Manufacturing. Smart Manufacturing is an application of the IoT that focuses on using inexpensive, small-sized, and smart devices that are all interconnected so that they can increase productivity and improve the health of the machines. Big Data in Smart Manufacturing systems are continuously generated data in high volumes produced by said smart devices and are available in various forms, e.g., log files, signal streams, or sensor data. A Big Data analysis system should be able to use these data in real time, as well as save them for historical analysis and long-term pattern detection.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gearbox Technologies for Tidal Energy Harvesting
Gearboxes are widely used in automobile, aerospace, energy, and process industries and are considered indispensable. Tidal flows always have very low speeds that rarely exceed 5 m/s. Lower tidal speeds result in lower turbine rotation speeds. Therefore, if conventional generators are used to produce electricity, gearboxes are necessary to achieve higher rotor speeds. 
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Evaluation of Digital Applications
Digitalization is a transformation process which has already affected many parts of industry and society and is expected to yet increase its transformative speed and impact. In the energy sector, many digital applications have already been implemented. However, a more drastic change is expected during the next decades. Good understanding of which digital applications are possible and what are the associated benefits as well as risks from the different perspectives of the impacted stakeholders is of high importance. On the one hand, it is the basis for a broad societal and political discussion about general targets and guidelines of digitalization. On the other hand, it is an important piece of information for companies in order to develop and sustainably implement digital applications. This entry suggests a methodology to holistically analyze digital applications in the energy sector. The intended purpose of the suggested methodology is to provide a complexity-reduced fact base as input for societal and political discussions and for the development of new digital products, services, or business models. While the methodology is outlined in this entry, in a follow-up article the application of the methodology will be presented and the use of the approach reflected.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Metallurgical Technologies to Treat E-Waste
e-waste is any broken/unwanted electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) that has reached the end of its lifecycle or economic life span. E-waste has been traditionally treated with metallurgical technologies such as mechanical separations, pyro-metallurgical, and hydrometallurgical methods. The technologies such as the pyro-metallurgical process to treat e-waste has been studied and linked with environmental challenges such as the generation of large quantities of harmful by-products, the formation of brominated and chlorinated di-benzo furans, and dioxins from halogens present in the plastic part of e-waste during the burning process. The pyro-metallurgical process requires high-energy to treat e-waste and is inefficient in the recovery of precious metals. Hydrometallurgical technology has also been explored, mostly involving chemical reagents such as strong acids (sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid) and complex chemical reagents such as cyanide and thiosulfate to leach base, rare earth, and precious metals. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Electric Turbo Compound
An Electric Turbo Compound (ETC) system is defined where a turbine coupled to a generator (turbogenerator) is located in the exhaust gas flow of a reciprocating engine to harvest waste heat energy and convert it into electrical power. An example of an ETC system is where a turbogenerator is located downstream of a turbocharger turbine of an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). The power generated from the ETC system can be used to feed into an electrical grid or provide power to local electrical loads such as engine auxiliaries. ETC systems are commercially available for stationary power gensets and at an advanced stage of development for automotive applications as a solution to the challenge of improving the fuel efficiency of gas and diesel engines by recovering waste energy from the exhaust gases.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gaseous and Liquid Fuel Cook-Stove
Clean and efficient cook-stoves and fuels are essential to address energy demand and ensure safe cooking for billions of people across the globe. Currently, nearly 2651 million people in developing countries (Africa—910 million, Asia—1674 million, Central and South America—57 million, and Middle East—10 million) are without clean cooking facilities.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
U-Boat Campaign
The U-boat Campaign from 1914 to 1918 was the World War I naval campaign fought by German U-boats against the trade routes of the Allies. It took place largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean. The German Empire relied on imports for food and domestic food production (especially fertilizer) and the United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed its population, and both required raw materials to supply their war industry; the powers aimed, therefore, to blockade one another. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the British Empire, whereas the Imperial German Navy surface fleet was mainly restricted to the German Bight, and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare to operate elsewhere. In the course of events in the Atlantic alone, German U-boats sank almost 5,000 ships with nearly 13 million gross register tonnage, losing 178 boats and about 5,000 men in combat. Other naval theatres saw U-boats operating in both the Far East and South East Asia, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean and North Seas.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
IMAGE
IMAGE (Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration) is a NASA Medium Explorers mission that studied the global response of the Earth's magnetosphere to changes in the solar wind. It was believed lost but as of August 2018 might be recoverable. It was launched 25 March 2000 by a Delta II rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base on a two-year mission. Almost six years later, it unexpectedly ceased operations in December 2005 during its extended mission and was declared lost. The spacecraft was part of NASA's Sun-Earth Connections Program, and during its run had over 400 research articles published in peer-reviewed journals using its data. It had special cameras that provided various breakthroughs in understanding the dynamics of plasma around the Earth. The Principal Investigator was Jim Burch of the Southwest Research Institute. In January 2018, an amateur satellite tracker found it to be transmitting some signals back to Earth. NASA made attempts to communicate with the spacecraft and determine its payload status, but has had to track down and adapt old hardware and software to the current systems. On 25 February, contact with IMAGE was again lost, but if reestablished, NASA may decide to fund a restarted mission.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Oct 2022
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