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Topic Review
Swarm Robotics
Swarm robotics is a dynamic research field that integrates two important concepts: Swarm Intelligence (SI) and Multi-Robotics System (MRS).
  • 790
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
3D Bioprinting Techniques
Additive manufacturing, more often referred to as “3D printing,” is the method of fabricating three-dimensional objects by adding successive layers of materials at a regulated rate and thickness. These materials could be made of concrete, metals, ceramics, polymers, resins, biomaterials, or other substances. The dearth of variety in 3D-printable materials continues even though printing time, processing speed, and printing resolution have all increased. The compatibility and flowability of printing ink with the current printing procedures are crucial for developing fields such as the 3D printing of biomaterials, tissues, and high-viability cells.
  • 789
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Enumeration of Brettanomyces in Wine Using Impedance
Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a wine spoilage concern in wineries around the world. In order to maintain wine quality during storage and ageing, it is imperative to control and monitor this yeast. Being a fastidious slow growing yeast, which requires 5 to 14 days of incubation for visible growth in agar plates, it is difficult to detect growth (colonies) by conventional agar plate count method. Yeast enumeration by impedance was investigated because previous research using other microorganisms has shown that it is potentially faster than plate counting. The relationship between plate counting and impedance detection times was investigated for Brettanomyces inoculated in red wine samples. A linear relationship between log plate count concentrations and impedance detection times was found. Incubation time was reduced from 120 h down to 0.9 and 57.7 h for samples with 6.7 × 10E7 and 1.8 × 10E2 cfu/mL, respectively, using the ‘indirect’ impedance method. The ‘indirect’ impedance method has the potential to be used by the wine industry to control and monitor the Brettanomyces numbers in wines.
  • 789
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fiber-Based Thermoelectric Materials
Fiber-based thermoelectric materials and devices have the characteristics of light-weight, stability, and flexibility, which can be used in wearable electronics, attracting the wide attention of researchers.
  • 789
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biodiesel Sector
As Earth’s fossil energy resources are limited, there is a growing need for renewable resources such as biodiesel. That is the reason why the social, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels became an important research topic in the last decade. Depleted stocks of crude oil and the significant level of environmental pollution encourage researchers and professionals to seek and find solutions. The study aims to analyze the economic and sustainability issues of biodiesel production by a systematic literature review. During this process, 53 relevant studies were analyzed out of 13,069 identified articles. Every study agrees that there are several concerns about the first generation technology; however, further generations cannot be price-competitive at this moment due to the immature technology and high production costs. However, there are promising alternatives, such as wastewater-based microalgae with up to 70% oil content, fat, oils and grease (FOG), when production cost is below 799 USD/gallon, and municipal solid waste-volatile fatty acids technology, where the raw material is free. Proper management of the co-products (mainly glycerol) is essential, especially at the currently low petroleum prices (0.29 USD/L), which can only be handled by the biorefineries. Sustainability is sometimes translated as cost efficiency, but the complex interpretation is becoming more common. Common elements of sustainability are environmental and social, as well as economic, issues.
  • 788
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Engineered Polymer Nanoparticle
Engineering polymeric nanoparticles for their shape, size, surface chemistry, and functionalization using various targeting molecules has shown improved biomedical applications for nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles have created tremendous therapeutic platforms, particularly applications related to chemo- and immunotherapies in cancer.
  • 788
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogen Production Using Dark Fermentation
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an established process used across the world for the conversion of biomass and organic waste into methane, a renewable energy vector.
  • 788
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ancient-Tombs of Italy and Korea
Biological growth represents one of the main threats to the conservation of subterranean cultural heritage. The knowledge of the conditions which favor the various taxonomic groups is important in design their control methods. Combining our experience regarding hypogea in Italy and the Republic of Korea, we aim to perform a critical review and comparison of the Biodeterioration Patterns (BPs) found, the materials used, and the conservative treatments applied. For this purpose, we focused on Etruscan tombs (Italy, 7th to 3th century BC) and the ancient tombs of the Baekje Dynasty (Republic of Korea, 6th to 7th centuries AD), most of which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites, collecting original and bibliographic data as well as institutional documents. Results highlight the rich biodiversity of the bacterial and fungal species. Phototrophs were observed only in niches with sufficient light and the development of roots was also detected. Changes in humidity and temperature, the nature of the soil, nutrient accumulation, and vegetation above the hypogea along with human activities explain the different BPs. The effects of biocide treatments are also discussed, such as the emergence of dangerous fungal species. The shared data also enhance the role of overlaying tumuli and vegetation as well as protective barriers to reduce biological risk.
  • 788
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Renewable Energy Sources into Low-Temperature District Heating Systems
Renewable energy is derived from non-exhaustible and naturally renewable natural resources. Solar, geothermal, wind, biomass, and hydropower are examples of renewable energy sources (RES). Solar, geothermal, and biomass resources are the most appropriate renewable energies for heating/cooling.
  • 788
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wearable Sensing Technologies
Standards for the fatigue testing of wearable sensing technologies are lacking. The majority of published fatigue tests for wearable sensors are performed on proof-of-concept stretch sensors fabricated from a variety of materials. Due to their flexibility and stretchability, polymers are often used in the fabrication of wearable sensors. Other materials, including textiles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and conductive metals or inks, may be used in conjunction with polymers to fabricate wearable sensors.
  • 788
  • 10 Aug 2021
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