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Topic Review
Actuators for Implantable Devices
The choice of actuators dictates how an implantable biomedical device moves. Specifically, the concept of implantable robots consists of the three pillars: actuators, sensors, and powering. Robotic devices that require active motion are driven by a biocompatible actuator. Depending on the actuating mechanism, different types of actuators vary remarkably in strain/stress output, frequency, power consumption, and durability. Most reviews to date focus on specific type of actuating mechanism (electric, photonic, electrothermal, etc.) for biomedical applications. With a rapidly expanding library of novel actuators, however, the granular boundaries between subcategories turns the selection of actuators a laborious task, which can be particularly time-consuming to those unfamiliar with actuation. 
  • 951
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Intrusion Detection System for SOME/IP-Based In-Vehicle Network
This research describes a hybrid AI and rule-based intrusion detection system for detecting SOME/IP communication threats in new automotive electronic electrical architectures.
  • 951
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Optical Switch
An optical switch is a device that selectively switches optical signals from one channel to another. The switching can be temporal or spatial. The former is known as an optical (time-domain) switch or an optical modulator, while the latter is called an optical space switch or an optical router. In general, optical modulators and routers can be made from each other.
  • 950
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Salts Hydrates and Composites
Salt hydrates are alloys of salts and water. Salt hydrates display high theoretical energy densities, which are promising materials in thermal energy storage (TES).
  • 950
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sensor and Actuator Fault Diagnosis
Sensors and actuators are key components in the robot system, but their working environment is very complex, with electromagnetic interference, vibration, etc., which will affect the output of the sensors and then the actuators. Moreover, the variable load on manipulators is also a challenge for system state feedback or estimation. All of the above factors make the faults diagnosis of robot system sensors and actuators an urgent task. The DCNN is used to deal with sensor and actuator faults of robot joints, such as gain error, offset error, and malfunction for both sensors and actuators, and different fault types are diagnosed using the trained neural network.
  • 950
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Wind Turbine Blades: End-of-Life Scenarios
Large expansion of wind energy is expected in next decades. At the same time, a significant proportion of the installed wind turbines, the generation installed in 2000s, will come to the end of their lifetime between 2020 and 2030. Many parts of wind turbines can be recycled, however, this is seldom the case for the composite wind blades. Wind turbine blades are developed and designed to sustain challenging service conditions and extraordinary mechanical and ennvironmental loads for several decades. Therefore, their afterlife destruction and separation into re-usable elements represents a challenge. In this review, strategies of end-of-life management of wind turbine blades are discussed. Various scenarios of end-of-life management of wind turbine blades are considered. “Reactive” strategies, designed to deal with ageing turbines, installed in 2000s, include improved maintenance and repair technologies, reuse, refurbishment and recycling.  “Pro-active strategies”, applicable to f new generations of wind turbines, include wind turbine blades with thermoplastic and recyclable thermoset composite matrices, as well as wood, bamboo and natural fiber based composites. 
  • 949
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Formwork System Selection in Building Construction Projects
The formwork system (FWS) gives the geometry and strength required by the reinforced concrete (RC) structure to attain the desired form and structural design properties of the cured concrete.
  • 949
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Integrated Green Hydrogen Production Processes
The thermochemical water-splitting method is a promising technology for efficiently converting renewable thermal energy sources into green hydrogen. Thermochemical water splitting uses a high-temperature source, e.g., nuclear energy, waste heat, or concentrated solar systems, to convert water into hydrogen and oxygen through cyclic chemical reactions. Several promising routes have been proposed for hydrogen production through green technologies such as biological processes (such as CO gas-fermentation, dark fermentation, etc.), electrical (such as alkaline electrolysis cell, anion exchange membrane electrolysis cell, proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell, solid oxide electrolysis cell, etc.), photonic (bio-photolysis, photofermentation, etc.), thermochemical, etc.
  • 949
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Affinity Sensors for COVID-19 Diagnosis
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was proclaimed a global pandemic in March 2020. Reducing the dissemination rate, in particular by tracking the infected people and their contacts, is the main instrument against infection spreading. Therefore, the creation and implementation of fast, reliable and responsive methods suitable for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are required. These needs can be fulfilled using affinity sensors, which differ in applied detection methods and markers that are generating analytical signals. Recently, nucleic acid hybridization, antigen-antibody interaction, and change of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level are mostly used for the generation of analytical signals, which can be accurately measured by electrochemical, optical, surface plasmon resonance, field-effect transistors, and some other methods and transducers.
  • 949
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Low Calcium Fly Ash/Slag Geopolymer
Geopolymer materials consist primarily of an aluminosilicate source and liquid alkaline constituents. Geopolymer has a lower footprint in terms of CO2 emissions and has been considered as an alternative for ordinary portland cement (OPC), which is known for its significant contribution to carbon dioxide emissions.
  • 948
  • 28 Feb 2022
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