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Topic Review
Ghana’s Potentials in Solar Energy Generation and Development
The future of Ghana’s solar industry seems promising considering the recent add-ons in the sector. Solar has seen various faces of transformation in Ghana, despite major setbacks such as intermittency and volatility. Currently, solar has become the most popular renewable energy source in Ghana and has great viability especially if the future security needs of the country are to be considered. It is undeniable that Ghana’s energy sector has a promising future if favorable policies are carved to promote solar technology. It is also worthy to note that electricity from solar PVs has gained a lot of prominence and attention in various economies across the world partly due to the general drop in the production cost. This has made it relatively competitive to consider against other counterparts such as wind and hydro. Ghana’s solar energy generation potentials are enormous, considering the amount of sunlight received. Governments have kept the drive to improve electrification across the length and breadth of the country which to a large extent, has been successful with about 82.4% of the population having access to electricity. Previously, Ghana was locked in to the use of hydropower for electrification but recent competitive prices in solar PVs have gradually inspired the desire for utility and off-grid solar systems among the general populace. Various data gathered over the past 50 years by Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMA) and other authoritative bodies suggests that the amount of sunshine received in the various regions across the country is more than enough to generate the radiation needed for solar PV’s to function to capacity with a potential error in radiation at +/−5%. The initial increase in solar was a result of various projects pushed across by the Ghana Energy Access and Development Project (GEDAP) funded by a host of donors. Several campaigns have been made to push solar such as the “200 MW Government Goes Solar” by the Energy Commission with the sole aim of distributing free solar panels with up to 500 W capacity to especially off-grid remote communities in 2018. Indeed, it can be said that various solar projects are underway to augment the current energy sources in Ghana especially as the government is determined to uphold the renewable energy target of 10% by the year 2020.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Biomass
Pyrolysis is one of the thermal treatments for biomass wastes that results in the production of liquid, solid and gaseous products. Unfortunately, the complex structure of the biomass materials matrix needs elevated heating to convert these materials into useful products. Microwave heating is a promising alternative to conventional heating approaches. Recently, it has been widely used in pyrolysis due to easy operation and its high heating rate. This review tries to identify the microwave-assisted pyrolysis treatment process fundamentals and discusses various key operating parameters which have an effect on product yield. It was found that several operating parameters govern this process such as microwave power and the degree of temperature, microwave absorber addition and its concentration, initial moisture content, initial sweep gas flow rate/residence time. Moreover, this study highlighted the most attractive products of the microwave pyrolysis process. These products include synthesis gas, bio-char, and bio-oil.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Refractometer
A refractometer is a laboratory or field device for the measurement of an index of refraction (refractometry). The index of refraction is calculated from the observed refraction angle using Snell's law. For mixtures, the index of refraction then allows to determine the concentration using mixing rules such as the Gladstone–Dale relation and Lorentz–Lorenz equation.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Heat Rate of Thermal Power Plants
Rapid industrialization and the increased use of consumer electronic goods have increased the demand for energy. To meet the increasing energy demand, global nations are looking for energy from renewable sources rather than non-renewable sources, to adhere with the sustainability principle. As energy from renewable sources is still in the experimental stage, there is a need to use available energy sources optimally.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Design of Gold Nanoparticle Vertical Flow Assays
Vertical flow assays (VFAs) or flow-through assays have emerged as an alternate type of paper-based assay due to their faster detection time, larger sample volume capacity, and significantly higher multiplexing capabilities compared to lateral flow assays (LFAs).  VFA can be used for detecting important biomarkers in diagnostic medicine, particularly when VFA is paired with gold nanoparticle conjugation.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Real Driving Emissions
Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to affect on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Management Strategies in Mining Industry in Chile
Sustainable development in the mining industry is a critical concern for companies because it covers multiple environmental, social, and economic approaches. The principal aim of sustainable development is to find the equilibrium between environmental, social, and economic aspects to maintain the system’s stability. In this sense, defining mining sustainability is a complex task because of the multidimensional definition of sustainability. However, the primary concern of the environmental sustainability of the mining industry is to avoid and reduce environmental impact at different stages of the mining life cycle, where the mining industry needs to anticipate possible negative effects that its operations may generate. The mining industry faces diverse challenges to maintain sustainable production, particularly regarding critical water and energy supplies. As a significant player in the copper mining industry, Chile has become a global reference. The most prevailing strategies involved implementing Environmental Management Systems, which allow organisations to define, implement, and track their specific goals and standards.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nuclear Football
The nuclear football (also known as the atomic football, the President's emergency satchel, the Presidential Emergency Satchel, the button, the black box, or just the football) is a briefcase, the contents of which are to be used by the President of the United States to authorize a nuclear attack while away from fixed command centers, such as the White House Situation Room. It functions as a mobile hub in the strategic defense system of the United States . It is held by an aide-de-camp.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Water Reuse Treatment Technologies
Treating water for water reuse typically involves treating wastewater in several steps consisting of preliminary treatment, primary treatment, and secondary treatment. Tertiary treatment and advanced treatment may be needed for water reuse purposes. 
  • 1.0K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Circularly Polarized Hybrid DR Antennas
It has been a feasible approach to build an antenna, in view of the potential advantages they offer. One of the recent trends in dielectric resonator antenna research is the use of compound and hybrid structures. Several considerable investigations have been already underway showing quite interesting and significant features in bandwidth, gain, and generation of circular polarization. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jun 2021
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