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Topic Review
Carbon Capture and Storage
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a developed technology to minimize CO2 emissions and reduce global climate change. Currently, shale gas formations are considered as a suitable target for CO2 sequestration projects predominantly due to their wide availability. However, the injected CO2 causes possible geochemical interactions with the shale formation during storage applications. The CO2/shale interaction is a key factor for the efficiency of CCS in shales, as it can significantly alter the shale properties. This paper reviews the current knowledge of the CO2/shale interactions and describes the results achieved to date, to gain an in-depth understanding of the impact of CO2/shale interaction on shale properties. With this evolving technology, further studies are needed to include various shale formations and identify how different shales’ mineralogy could affect the CO2 storage capacity in the long-term.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Plug-in Electric Vehicles in France
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the France is actively supported by the French government through a bonus-malus system through which provides subsidies towards the purchase of all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids with low CO2 emissions. The government also provides non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; and long term regulations with specific targets. Additionally, France passed a law in December 2019 to phase out sales of cars that burn fossil fuels by 2040. (As of September 2021), there were 687,876 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in France, consisting of 453,143 all-electric passenger cars and commercial vans, and 234,733 plug-in hybrids. Of these, over 50,000 were fully electric light commercial vehicles. The split among type of powertrain is influenced by the rules of the government subsidies, which favors pure electric vehicles over plug-in hybrids. The plug-in passenger car segment attained a market share of 0.5% in 2013, rose to 1.2% in 2015, 2.2% in 2018, and climbed to 2.8% in 2019. Despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, plug-in electric car sales in France during the first six months of 2020 achieved a record sales volume of 65,267 units, and a market share of 9.1%. (As of December 2019), France listed as the world's second largest market after China for light-duty electric commercial vehicles, with a stock of 49,340 utility vans in circulation. The market share of all-electric utility vans attained 1.2% of new vans registered in 2014, rose to 1.8% in 2018, but declined to 1.7% in 2019. The Renault Zoe has led all-electric car sales in France since 2013, and is the country's all-time best selling plug-in electric car with more than 100,000 units registered through June 2020. The electric utility van segment has been led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with over 21,000 units sold through February 2019.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Applications of IRS-Assisted UAV Communication
A intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) can intelligently configure wavefronts such as amplitude, frequency, phase, and even polarization through passive reflections and without requiring any radio frequency (RF) chains. It is predicted to be a revolutionizing technology with the capability to alter wireless communication to enhance both spectrum and energy efficiencies with low expenditure and low energy consumption. Similarly, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication has attained a significant interest by research fraternity due to high mobility, flexible deployment, and easy integration with other technologies. IRS and UAV can combine together to achieve unparalleled opportunities in difficult environments. Both technologies can achieve enhanced performance by proactively altering the wireless propagation through maneuver control and smart signal reflections in three-dimensional space. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sound Trap
A sound trap, also known as a duct silencer, sound attenuator, or muffler, is a special acoustical treatment of Heating Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) ductwork designed to reduce transmission of noise through the ductwork, either from equipment into occupied spaces in a building, or between occupied spaces. In its simplest form, a sound trap consists of an baffle within the ductwork. These baffles often contain sound-absorbing materials. The physical dimensions and baffle configuration of sound traps are selected to attenuate a specific range of frequencies. Unlike conventional internally-lined ductwork, which is only effective at attenuating mid- and high-frequency noise, sound traps can achieve broader band attenuation in relatively short lengths. Certain types of sound traps are essentially a Helmholtz resonator used as a passive noise-control device.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electromigration
Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms. The effect is important in applications where high direct current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related structures. As the structure size in electronics such as integrated circuits (ICs) decreases, the practical significance of this effect increases.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bioethanol for Cooking
Bioethanol has been identified by the academic literature and in the development community as a promising clean fuel to replace charcoal. Bioethanol is one of the cooking fuels considered to be clean based on the 2014 WHO guidelines, which aim to reduce the health risks associated with exposure to indoor air pollution from household fuel combustion. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Vision-Based Vibration Monitoring
Contactless structural monitoring has in recent years seen a growing number of applications in civil engineering. Indeed, the elimination of physical installations of sensors is very attractive, especially for structures that might not be easily or safely accessible, yet requiring the experimental evaluation of their conditions, for example following extreme events such as strong earthquakes, explosions, and floods. Among contactless technologies, vision-based monitoring is possibly the solution that has attracted most of the interest of civil engineers, given that the advantages of contactless monitoring can be potentially obtained thorough simple and low-cost consumer-grade instrumentations.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Performance of FRP
FRPs (fiber-reinforced polymers) have gained increasing popularity in the last few years due to their durability, high corrosion resistance, light weight and high strength. Life cycle assessment is considered one of the most important methods to investigate the environmental impacts of the FRP. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
IoT Devices with Smart Grids
Internet of Things (IoT) can be applied in servery domais for example in smart grids allowing to distribute the energy in an efficient way thoruught serveral communication protocols.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
5G Wearable Devices
One potential way of enhancing capacity and data rates in the current and future mobile and wireless generations is the bandwidth. The data rates are directly proportional to the bandwidth. The higher bandwidth provides higher data rates. However, current frequency bands, i.e., 1.7 GHz GSM band, 1.8 GHz 4G/LTE band, 2.0 GHz 4G/LTE band, 2.1 LTE band, and 2.6 GHz band, provide limited bandwidth. Recently, high-frequency bands including 24 GHz (n258), 28 GHz (n257 and n261), 37 GHz (n260), and 39 GHz (n260) in addition to some future recommended bands, i.e., 47 and 60 GHz, have been considered for 5G applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jan 2022
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