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Topic Review
Cyclodextrins and Their Derivatives as Drug Stability Modifiers
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are versatile excipients that are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as receptor molecules to form complexes with drugs. CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of α-1,4-linked D-glucopyranoside subunits obtained through enzymatic starch degradation.
  • 188
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cyclodextrins as Anti-inflammatory Agents
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a well-known excipient for complexing and drug delivery. Anti-inflammatory drugs and bioactive compounds with similar activities have been favored from these CD processes. CDs also illustrate anti-inflammatory activity per se.
  • 418
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cyclodextrins/Estrogens Inclusion Complexes
In the pharmaceutical industry, cyclodextrins (CDs) are frequently used to improve the aqueous solubility, stability, and bioavailability of medications. Because estrogens have a low polarity, they can interact with some cyclodextrins’ hydrophobic cavities to create inclusion complexes, if their geometric properties are compatible. Estrogen-CD complexes have been widely applied in several fields for various objectives. 
  • 316
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen Metabolism
Tamoxifen is an important adjuvant endocrine therapy in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients. It is metabolized into its most active antiestrogenic metabolite endoxifen, predominantly by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Many factors, including genetic variation in CYP2D6, influence tamoxifen metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
  • 889
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
CYP3A4
CYP3A4 is a low specificity isoenzyme of the CYPs family, which contributes to the metabolism of approximately 50% of all marketed drugs. Induction or inhibition of CYP3A4 activity results in the varied oral bioavailability and unwanted drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-herb interactions.
  • 3.0K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cytochrome Inhibitors
Major cytochrome inhibitors may result in drug–drug interactions.
  • 454
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Dabigatran in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is caused by neurodegenerative, but also vascular and hemostatic changes in the brain. The oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, which has been used for over a decade in preventing thromboembolism and has a well-known pharmacokinetic, safety and antidote profile, can be an option to treat vascular dysfunction in early AD, a condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Dabigatran blocks soluble thrombin, thrombin-mediated formation of fibrin and amyloid-ß protein (Aβ)-containing fibrin clots. These clots are deposited in brain parenchyma and blood vessels in areas of CAA, leading to vascular and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, hypoperfusion and chronically reduced oxygen (hypoxia) and nutrient supply, mainly in hippocampal and neocortical brain areas. Dabigatran has the potential to preserve perfusion and oxygen delivery to the brain, and to prevent parenchymal Aß-, thrombin- and fibrin-triggered inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, leading to synapse and neuron death, and cognitive decline. 
  • 531
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
DDS Based on Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrates composed of repeating monomeric units of monosaccharides that are covalently linked to each other through glucosidic linkage. Polysaccharides are biocompatible, biodegradable biopolymers, and the presence of various functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups, allow their easy chemical modification in order to increase their intrinsic properties (solubility, chemical stability, etc.). Due to these improved properties, polysaccharides are largely used as biomaterials in food, biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic industry, and also as micellar drug-loaded systems. 
  • 626
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
De Novo Synthesized Estradiol
The estrogen estradiol is a potent neuroactive steroid that may regulate brain structure and function. Although the eff ects of estradiol have been historically associated with gonadal secretion, the discovery that this steroid may be synthesized within the brain has expanded this traditional concept. Indeed, it is accepted that de novo synthesized estradiol in the nervous system (nE2) may modulate several aspects of neuronal physiology, including synaptic transmission and plasticity, thereby influencing a variety of behaviors. These modulations may be on a time scale of minutes via non-classical and often membrane-initiated mechanisms or hours and days by classical actions on gene transcription. Besides the high level, recent investigations in the cerebellum indicate that even a low aromatase expression can be related to the fast nE2 eff ect on brain functioning. These pieces of evidence point to the importance of an on-demand and localized nE2 synthesis to rapidly contribute to regulating synaptic transmission. This review is geared at exploring a new scenario for the impact of estradiol on brain processes as it emerges from the nE2 action on cerebellar neurotransmission and cerebellum-dependent learning.
  • 970
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Definition and Characterization of Coronary Calcification
Coronary artery calcification is increasingly prevalent in our patient population. It significantly limits the procedural success of percutaneous coronary intervention and is associated with a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events both in the short-term and long-term. 
  • 446
  • 03 Jan 2023
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