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Topic Review
Prebiotic Boron-Containing Compounds in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Studies have demonstrated that individuals with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) often exhibit dysbiosis, with imbalances in beneficial and pathogenic gut bacteria. Dysbiosis can lead to increased gut permeability and systemic inflammation, contributing to the chronic pain experienced in CRPS. B, an essential trace element, has shown promise in modulating the gut microbiome positively and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that B supplementation may alleviate neuropathic pain and improve CRPS symptoms by restoring microbiota balance and reducing inflammation. 
  • 173
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Vortioxetine´s Effects on Sleep of Adolescent Major Depression
The relationship between depression and insomnia is bidirectional and both conditions need to be treated adequately, especially in a vulnerable neurodevelopmental stage of adolescence. Sleep disturbances in adolescents have been associated with a more severe clinical course of depression (i.e., suicidal behavior, worse psychosocial functioning, and risk of recurrence). Due to the rising incidence of both disorders, it is crucial to understand the underlying pathophysiology (e.g., disrupted neuroplasticity and neurotransmitter dysbalance), especially in the vulnerable adolescent age period characterized by developmental changes and sensitivity to endogenous and exogenous factors.
  • 144
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Biomimetic Systems Involving Macrophages in Targeted Drug Delivery
The concept of targeted drug delivery can be described in terms of the drug systems’ ability to mimic the biological objects’ property to localize to target cells or tissues. For example, drug delivery systems based on red blood cells or mimicking some of their useful features, such as long circulation in stealth mode, have been known for decades. Therapeutic strategies based on macrophages gradually gain more attention.
  • 306
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanodelivery Systems and Constituents Derived from Novel Foods
Novel Food is a new category of food, regulated by the European Union Directive No. 2015/2283. This latter norm defines a food as “Novel” if it was not used “for human consumption to a significant degree within the Union before the date of entry into force of that regulation, namely 15 May 1997”.  Due to their natural source, Novel Food can represent another new and not fully exploited reservoir of nutraceuticals. Indeed, Novel Food can also be considered an important source of raw matter to produce a nano-drug delivery system. The application of Novel Foods as new nanoceutical materials or bioactive compounds embedded into nanocarriers is a new research field, as these sources have been employed only in recent decades.
  • 100
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Glutamate and GABA Dysfunction in Depression
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a term used to describe a particular type of major depressive disorder (MDD). There is no consensus about what defines TRD, with various studies describing between 1 and 4 failures of antidepressant therapies, with or without electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). That is why TRD is such a growing concern among clinicians and researchers, and it explains the necessity for investigating novel therapeutic targets beyond conventional monoamine pathways. An imbalance between two primary central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters, L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has emerged as having a key role in the pathophysiology of TRD.
  • 329
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Medical and Non-Medical USA Opioid Crisis
Drug overdose deaths in the USA rose from 16,849 in 1999 to nearly 110,000—of which an estimated 75,000 involved opioids—in 2022. On a yearly basis, the opioid casualty rate is higher than the combined number of victims of firearm violence and car accidents. The COVID-19 epidemic might have helped to worsen the addiction crisis in the USA by stimulating drug use among adolescents and diverting national attention to yet another public health crisis. So far, the failure to effectively respond to the opioid crisis is due to the gap between narcotic product regulation, regulation of marketing practices and the rise of a corporate-dominated health care system. 
  • 118
  • 12 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Risk of Adverse Drug Reactions in Elderly Population
The European Medicine Agency (EMA) has defined Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) as “a noxious and unintended response to a medicine”, not including poisoning, accidental, or intentional overdoses. The ADR occurrence differs based on the approach adopted for defining and detecting them, the characteristics of the population under study, and the research setting. ADRs have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality, particularly among older adults, and represent a financial burden for health services.
  • 285
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Enhanced Drug Penetration and Retention in Airway Mucosa
Airway mucus is a complex viscoelastic gel mainly composed of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, minerals, etc. Among them, glycoprotein is the main factor determining mucus-gel-like rheology. Airway mucus forms a protective barrier by secreting mucin, which represents the absorption barrier, especially for more lipophilic drugs. It rapidly clears the drug from the airways through physiological mucus clearance mechanisms, so the drug does not remain in the lungs or reach the airway epithelial tissue for a long time.
  • 184
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Complex Pharmacological Properties of Non-Selective Opioid Modulator Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine has high affinity for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), delta (DOR), and kappa (KOR) and intermediate affinity for the nociceptin (NOR). Buprenorphine’s active metabolite, norbuprenorphine, crosses the blood–brain barrier, is a potent metabolite that attenuates the analgesic effects of buprenorphine due to binding to NOR, and is responsible for the respiratory depressant effects. The area under the concentration curves are very similar for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine, which indicates that it is important to consider this metabolite. 
  • 273
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as the decreased ability of insulin to insert the glucose transporter (glut4) on the cell membrane facilitating glucose entry into body cells. IR in the hepatocytes is associated with increased de novo lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, leading to hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia.
  • 264
  • 06 Nov 2023
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