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Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies for Oral Films
The interest in buccal drug delivery is under consideration due to some distinct properties compared to the traditional pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration: significantly higher bioavailability, a faster absorption rate of the drug, and substantial compliance for special needs patients. Oral films are obtained through various technologies, from conventional tools to 3D and 4D printing approaches. Three-dimensional printing can solve the formulation problems of producing oral films (OFs).
  • 501
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Novel Coumarin-Based Inverse Agonists of GPR55
The G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was first described in 1999 and is broadly expressed in different areas of the CNS, such as the frontal cortex or the hippocampus. The discovery of the bioactive lipid lysophosphtatidylinositol (LPI) as endogenous GPR55 agonist led to the receptor’s deorphanization . However, besides LPI, several commercially available as well as endogenous ligands show agonistic or antagonistic activity at the GPR55. Endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) for instance, show strong affinities and activation of GPR55, heating up the discussion about GPR55 as potential third cannabinoid-receptor (CB). Commercially available GPR55 agonists, such as O-1602, and GPR55-antagonists like ML-193 are commonly used in GPR55 research, to evaluate GPR55-specific molecular pathways and effects. Besides these widely used GPR55 ligands, coumarin-derivates show antagonistic coupled to inverse agonistic activities on GPR55-dependent neuroinflammatory processes as reported recently.
  • 497
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota Modulation in Cardiometabolic Diseases Treatment
The diverse relationship between cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) vulnerability and changes in gut microbiota make-up and metabolites has emphasized that gut microbiota is an unfamiliar modulator of CMD. These connections are possible targets for new CMD therapy. The host–microbiota interaction is made up of various levels at which potential therapeutic interventions can be instituted. These levels include dietary substrates, microbial ecology, and microbiota–host pathways that liberate metabolites that modulate host processes. Agents that inhibit recognized gut microbial enzymes can also be produced. The interesting part of this is that interventions directed at gut microbiota and/or their metabolism in lieu of the host may not necessarily be taken up into the host circulation, hence minimizing the likely adverse effects in comparison to those directed at host metabolism. Among the challenges of therapeutically targeting the gut microbiota are the individual variations, in addition to differences, in gut microbiota make-up, which can affect the action of the medication. This may call for individualized treatment. The gut-microbiota-directed therapeutic concept is based on targeting microbiota compositions, metabolic pathways, and mucosal barrier protection.
  • 504
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Copper Chelators and cDDP Resistance
The platinum (Pt)-containing antitumor drugs including cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, cDDP), carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, have been the mainstay of cancer chemotherapy. These drugs are effective in treating many human malignancies. The major cell-killing target of Pt drugs is DNA. Recent findings underscored the important roles of Pt drug transport system in cancer therapy. It was demonstrated that by reducing cellular Cu bioavailable levels by Cu chelators, hCtr1 is transcriptionally upregulated by transcription factor Sp1, which binds the promoters of Sp1 and hCtr1. In contrast, elevated Cu poisons Sp1, resulting in suppression of hCtr1 and Sp1, constituting the Cu-Sp1-hCtr1 mutually regulatory loop.
  • 494
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Psychiatric Disorders
The importance of the gut–brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. Much recent work has implicated the gut microbiota in many conditions, including autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Increased Enterobacteriaceae family were potentially associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia; thus, keeping these types of bacteria in balance will help alleviate the adverse effects of other pathogenic bacteria that might cause several diseases. According to the growing body of research, the gut microbiota is becoming crucial in psychiatric disorders. 
  • 494
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Practical Considerations for Next-Generation Adjuvant Development and Translation
Throughout the last two decades, there has been increasing focus on the discovery and translation of new immune-stimulating agents. These compounds are often collectively referred to as adjuvants due to their precedent of use in vaccine development. There has been an expansion in the application of adjuvants in oncology and other areas as the understanding and definition of adjuvants continue to grow. Adjuvants stimulate key cell types in the innate immune system and can influence the scale and class of immune response directed towards a given antigen or antigens.
  • 497
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Thiolated-Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
Thiomers (or thiolated polymers) have broken through as avant-garde approaches in anticancer therapy. Their distinguished reactivity and properties, closely linked to their final applications, justify the extensive research conducted on their preparation and use as smart drug-delivery systems (DDSs).
  • 492
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Drug Delivery Approaches for OAB
Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is characterised by urgency symptoms, with or without urgency incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia and severely affects the quality of life.
  • 492
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Adverse Side Effects of Long-Term Lithium Therapy
Lithium remains the drug of first choice for prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder, preventing the recurrences of manic and depressive episodes. The longitudinal experiences with lithium administration greatly exceed those with other mood stabilizers. Among the adverse side effects of lithium, renal, gastrointestinal, neurological, thyroid, metabolic, cognitive, dermatological, cardiologic, and sexual are listed. Probably, the most important negative effect of lithium, occurring mostly after 10–20 years of its administration, is interstitial nephropathy.
  • 492
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cyclodextrin Multicomponent Complexes: Pharmaceutical Applications
Cyclodextrins (CD) are a family of macromolecules obtained by enzymatic degradation of starch. Their structure resembles a truncated cone, with a somewhat lipophilic central cavity and an external hydrophilic surface.  Due to these characteristics the pharmaceutical applications are mostly related to the ability of CDs to form inclusion complexes, formed by interactions between guest (drug) and host (CD) molecules, and they have the ability to modulate several properties positively affecting the performances and therapeutic profiles of drugs. Besides, a drug–CD complex with the addition of an auxiliary substance, that are called multicomponent or ternary complex, can have a synergic effect, allowing the use of low concentrations of the host compounds, thereby optimizing the cost, toxicity and formulation volume in the final product. Also, these additives such as amino acids, organic acids and bases, and water-soluble polymers interacting with CDs can modulate in vitro and in vivo drug dissolution, thereby modifying the drug’s pharmacokinetic profile.
  • 491
  • 30 Aug 2021
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