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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges and Proteins
Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-NSs) have gained importance in drug delivery in the last years due to their easy synthesis and versatility. However, their use as carriers for the delivery of macromolecules such as proteins is less known and sometimes difficult to consider. In this entry, the authors summarize and highlight the multiple possibilities of CD-NSs to deliver active proteins, improving their activity or stability. Starting with a brief description of CD-NSs and their characteristics, the entry will be focused on several proteins, such as (1) Lipase, (2) Insulin and (3) Nisin, for chemical or pharmaceutical applications. The revised results demonstrated that CD-NSs can generate different and interesting applications with proteins. These results could be added to their uses with small drugs, being an interesting alternative for protein delivery and applicability. 
  • 704
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Biofunctional Peptide FNIII14: Therapeutic Potential
Biofunctional peptide FNIII14, which is derived from the 14th fibronectin (FN) type III-like (FN-III) repeat of FN molecule, is capable of inhibiting cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). This functional site is usually buried within the molecular structure of FN, but can be exposed by conformational changes and proteolytic cleavage. Peptide FNIII14 can induce a conformational change in β1-integrin from the active to the inactive form, causing functional inactivation. Based on this anti-adhesive activity, peptide FNIII14 exhibits therapeutic potential for several diseases such as metabolic diseases, organ fibrosis, and malignant tumors. Peptide FNIII14 blocks integrin-mediated signaling by a mechanism entirely distinct from that of conventional antagonisitic peptides, including Arg-Gly-Asp peptides that competitively inhibit the ECM binding of integrin. 
  • 583
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Photobiomodulation for Taste Alteration
Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy employs light at red and near-infrared wavelengths to modulate biological activity. The therapeutic effect of PBM for the treatment or management of several diseases and injuries has gained significant popularity among researchers and clinicians, especially for the management of oral complications of cancer therapy. This entry focuses on the current evidence on the use of PBM for the management of a frequent oral complication due to cancer therapy—taste alteration.
  • 610
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Ionic Liquids in Drug Delivery
Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts composed of a large organic cation and an organic/inorganic anion. The large dimensions of their ions lead to charge dispersion, which makes difficult the formation of a regular crystalline structure. Due to their unique properties, ILs have been applied in the crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), as solvents, co-solvents and emulsifiers in drug formulations, as pharmaceuticals (API-ILs) aiming liquid therapeutics, and in the development and/or improvement of drug-delivery-based systems.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Originally discovered as a relatively new anticancer therapeutic technology, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has since evolved and is now used in many therapeutic technologies. For example, it is used against viruses, such as the recently reported antiviral activity against COVID-19, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, in treating neovascular disease, in environmental sanitation and pest control, and in many other applications. 
  • 547
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Differential Inhibitors of Aldose Reductase
Aldose reductase, classified within the aldo-keto reductase family as AKR1B1, is an NADPH dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic aldehydes. AKR1B1 is the first enzyme of the so-called polyol pathway that allows the conversion of glucose into sorbitol, which in turn is oxidized to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase. The activation of the polyol pathway in hyperglycemic conditions is generally accepted as the event that is responsible for a series of long-term complications of diabetes such as retinopathy, cataract, nephropathy and neuropathy. The role of AKR1B1 in the onset of diabetic complications has made this enzyme the target for the development of molecules capable of inhibiting its activity.
  • 693
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine in the Pediatric Population
Headaches in children and adolescents have high incidence and prevalence rates, with consequent elevated disability costs to individuals and the community. Pediatric migraine is a disorder with substantial clinical differences compared to the adult form. Few clinical trials have been performed specifically on primary headache in pediatric populations using acute and preventative treatments, often with conflicting findings. The limited high-quality data on the effectiveness of treatments are also due to the high placebo effect, in terms of reductions in both the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks in the pediatric population. The recent introduction of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway inhibitors and ditans is changing the treatment of migraine, but the majority of the data are still limited to adulthood. Thus, few drugs have indications for migraine treatment in the pediatric age group, and limited evidence gives guidance as to the choice of pharmacotherapy.
  • 458
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies in the Management of Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory skin disease associated with physical and psychological burdens characterized by erythematic plaques with adherent shiny scales. 
  • 970
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Development of Peptide Biopharmaceuticals
Peptides are low-molecular-weight substances that participate in numerous important physiological functions, such as human growth and development, stress, regulation of the emotional state, sexual behavior, and immune responses. Their mechanisms of action are based on receptor–ligand interactions, which result in highly selective effects. These properties and low toxicity enable them to be considered potent drugs. Peptide preparations became possible at the beginning of the 20th century after a method was developed for selectively synthesizing peptides; however, after synthesis of the first peptide drugs, several issues related to increasing the stability, bioavailability, half-life, and ability to move across cell membranes remain unresolved. 
  • 465
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Advice of Medicine Shortages in Europe
The following recommendations should be considered to handle the issue of drug shortages more effectively in Europe. Since drug shortages do not respect borders and cross-country collaboration would be beneficial for more effective shortage management, a unified European definition and reporting criteria of shortages would be necessary to assure internationally consistent monitoring, reporting, comparisons, responses, and solutions. National authorities across Europe should be aware of shortages through coordinated systems, increasing cross-country transparency, and facilitating solutions in every country. It was a significant step forward in the European Union that in July 2019, the EMA published the “Guidance on detection and notification of shortages of medicinal products for Marketing Authorisation Holders in the Union”. The document contains the effort to facilitate the more uniform reporting and communication of drug shortages and create a harmonization “drug shortage” definition. The document “Good practice guidance for communication to the public on medicines availability issues”contains communication guidelines for the national authorities and the EMA for patients and healthcare professionals.
  • 392
  • 06 Apr 2022
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