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Topic Review
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) presents distinct challenges during pregnancy due to its influence on maternal health and pregnancy outcomes. IBD can affect women of reproductive age aspiring for a safe pregnancy. Effective disease control before conception is vital to improve fertility and ensure a healthy pregnancy, thus reducing potential flare-ups. Continuation of IBD treatments during pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally viewed as safe, emphasizing the importance of thorough disease management for both mother and child.
  • 146
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dersimelagon in the Treatment of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a genetic disorder stemming from reduced ferrochelatase expression, the final enzyme in the pathway of heme biosynthesis. A closely related condition, X-linked protoporphyria (XLP), bears similar clinical features although it arises from the heightened activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase 2 (ALAS2), the first and normally rate-controlling enzyme in heme biosynthesis in developing red blood cells. Both of these abnormalities result in the buildup of protoporphyrin IX, leading to excruciating light sensitivity and, in a minority of cases, potentially fatal liver complications. Traditionally, managing EPP and XLP involved sun avoidance. However, the emergence of innovative therapies, such as dersimelagon, is reshaping the therapeutic landscape for these conditions.
  • 432
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Changes of NF-κB Signaling in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, with an estimated 52,000 deaths in 2023. Though significant progress has been made in both diagnosis and treatment of CRC in recent years, genetic heterogeneity of CRC—the culprit for possible CRC relapse and drug resistance, is still an insurmountable challenge. Thus, developing more effective therapeutics to overcome this challenge in new CRC treatment strategies is imperative. Genetic and epigenetic changes are well recognized to be responsible for the stepwise development of CRC malignancy. 
  • 154
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a cluster of pathological conditions primarily developed due to the accumulation of ectopic fat in the hepatocytes. During the severe form of the disease, i.e., metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), accumulated lipids promote lipotoxicity, resulting in cellular inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatocellular ballooning. If left untreated, the advanced form of the disease progresses to fibrosis of the tissue, resulting in irreversible hepatic cirrhosis or the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Although numerous mechanisms have been identified as significant contributors to the development and advancement of MASLD, altered lipid metabolism continues to stand out as a major factor contributing to the disease.
  • 226
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nutrient-Sensing Receptors outside and inside Gastrointestinal System
Intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors act as a crosstalk between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune, endocrinological, and neurological responses.
  • 827
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Quality of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, or EGD, is essential for diagnosing and managing ailments of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The quality of EGD is crucial and carries significant consequences for patient outcomes, the employment of healthcare resources, and the future course of gastroenterology as a medical specialty.
  • 204
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mechanistic Insights into Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus. It arises from a complex interplay of genetic predisposition (susceptibility loci), environmental triggers (allergens and dietary antigens), and a dysregulated immune response, mainly mediated by type 2 T helper cell (Th2)-released cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
  • 161
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in BCLC-B Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents an entity of poor prognosis, especially in cases of delayed diagnosis. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have multiple anti-tumor effects and are widely used in several types of cancers. They down-regulate different molecular pathways that take part in carcinogenesis. The primary targets are the tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs), key proteins that regulate cancer growth and metastasis. Specifically, TKIs block the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases and the subsequent signaling pathways, slowing down cancer growth. Some of the inhibited networks are the rat sarcoma (RAS)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), phospholipase C (PLC)/Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-protein kinase C (CaMK-PKC), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription protein family (STAT), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR, Met), and RAF kinases. Due to their multiple actions, TKIs were the standard treatment of care in advanced HCC over the last 15 years, but after the induction of IO, they now comprise the second-line option.
  • 191
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Hormone and MASLD
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly termed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a widespread global health concern that affects around 25% of the global population. Its influence is expanding, and it is anticipated to overtake alcohol as the leading cause of liver failure and liver-related death worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly linked to the development of MASLD. 
  • 179
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
“Small Hepatocytes” in the Liver
Mature hepatocytes (MHs) in an adult rodent liver are categorized into the following three subpopulations based on their proliferative capability: type I cells (MH-I), which are committed progenitor cells that possess a high growth capability and basal hepatocytic functions; type II cells (MH-II), which possess a limited proliferative capability; and type III cells (MH-III), which lose the ability to divide (replicative senescence) and reach the final differentiated state. These subpopulations may explain the liver’s development and growth after birth. Generally, small-sized hepatocytes emerge in mammal livers. The cells are characterized by being morphologically identical to hepatocytes except for their size, which is substantially smaller than that of ordinary MHs. We initially discovered small hepatocytes (SHs) in the primary culture of rat hepatocytes.
  • 342
  • 21 Dec 2023
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