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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Phenotypes of Patients with Diabetes and NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries. Its incidence is expected to keep growing, parallel to the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its determinants. Within the MetS spectrum, the bulk of research addresses the relationship between either type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or obesity with NAFLD. However, a growing body of evidence shows that NAFLD is also prevalent in a variety of other forms of diabetes that typically have an earlier onset, such as type 1 diabetes (T1DM), Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) and ketosis-prone diabetes. 
  • 519
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Phlegm Syndrome
Phlegm is defined as a viscous and turbid pathological factor that is formed due to an imbalance in body fluid in traditional East Asian medicine (TEAM) and accumulates in certain parts of the body as the form of condensation.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Photodynamic, Photothermal and Photoimmune Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Liver cancer is a malignancy that includes the structure of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts and is classified as follows: hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatic angiosarcoma (hemangiosarcoma), hepatoblastoma, and fibrolamellar carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), known also as hepatoma, is the most common type of primary liver neoplasm. HCC is known today as a major malignant disease with high morbidity and mortality, which seriously threatens the health and life span of patients. Conventional cancer therapies comprise surgical procedures, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, which may be efficient but have significant adverse effects. Newer, more prominent cancer-targeted action plans, such as the phototherapy methods including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and photoimmunotherapy (PIT), have sparked excitement and hope as synergistic multimodal cancer therapies, incorporating nanomedicine to overcome the biological barriers and to help treat cancer patients. 
  • 266
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Significance of Esophageal TRPV4 Channel
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a non-selective cation channel that is broadly expressed in different human tissues, including the digestive system, where it acts as a molecular sensor and a transducer that regulates a variety of functional activities.
  • 575
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Physiopathology of Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a severe chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with relapsing–remitting behavior. It is also called regional ileitis due to its frequent involvement of the ileum, which can occur anywhere in the GIT, being typically transmural.
  • 378
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Phytosterols in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now recognized as the most common cause of chronic liver disease with an increasing prevalence in both adults and children. Although the symptoms are absent or poorly expressed in most cases, some patients may progress to end-stage liver disease. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is known to be multifactorial. Therapeutic recommendations focus on lifestyle changes in order to reduce the incidence of risk factors and drugs targeting major molecular pathways potentially involved in the development of this disease. Given that a pharmacological treatment, completely safe and effective, is not currently known more research has been done on the effects that some bio-active natural compounds, derived from plants, have in preventing the onset and progression of NAFLD. Numerous studies, in animals and humans, have shown that phytosterols (PSs) play an important role in this pathology. Phytosterols are natural products that are found naturally in plant. More than 250 phytosterols have been identified, but the most common in the diet are stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol. Consumption of dietary PSs can reduce serum cholesterol levels. Due to these properties, most studies have focused on their action on lipid metabolism and the evolution of NAFLD. PSs may reduce steatosis, cytotoxicity oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.
  • 752
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pig in Pediatric Drug Discovery
Drug therapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for the youngest age groups and for pediatric-only indications, neonatal and juvenile animal models can be useful to assess drug safety and to better understand the mechanisms of diseases or conditions. In this respect, the use of neonatal and juvenile pigs in the field of pediatric drug discovery and development is promising, although still limited at this point. This study summarizes the comparative postnatal development of pigs and humans and discusses the advantages of the juvenile pig in view of developmental pharmacology, pediatric diseases, drug discovery and drug safety testing. Furthermore, limitations and unexplored aspects of this large animal model are covered. At this point in time, the potential of the neonatal and juvenile pig as nonclinical safety models for pediatric drug development is underexplored.
  • 563
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Placenta Extract on Liver
The placenta contains multiple biologically active substances, which exert antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and delayed aging effects. Its extract can improve hepatic morphology and function: on the one hand, it can reduce liver interstitial collagen deposition, lipogenesis, and inflammatory cell infiltration and improve fibrosis; on the other hand, it can prevent hepatocellular degeneration by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production, further improve hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis, and promote hepatocyte regeneration, making it a promising liver-protective agent.
  • 730
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenols in Tea
A diet high in polyphenols is associated with a diversified gut microbiome. Tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world, after water. The health benefits of tea might be attributed to the presence of polyphenol compounds such as flavonoids (e.g., catechins and epicatechins), theaflavins, and tannins. 
  • 636
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Polysaccharide-Peptide from Trametes versicolor for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer have shown an upward trend. Therefore, the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer still need our continuous attention. Finding compounds with strong anticancer activity and low toxicity is a good strategy for colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. Trametes versicolor is a traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom with a long history of being used to regulate immunity and prevent cancer. Its extractions were demonstrated with strong cell growth inhibitory activity on human colorectal tumor cells, while the anticancer activity of them is not acted through a direct cytotoxic effect. 
  • 587
  • 25 Nov 2022
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