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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Endoscopy Lifetime Systems Architecture
Systems engineering captures the desires and needs of the customer to conceptualize a system from the overall goal down to the small details prior to any physical development. While many systems projects tend to be large and complicated (i.e., cloud-based infrastructure, long-term space travel shuttles, missile defense systems), systems engineering can also be applied to smaller, complex systems. The system of interest is the endoscope, a standard biomedical screening device used in laparoscopic surgery, screening of upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts, and inspection of the upper airway.
  • 728
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Endoscopy on Reducing and Preventing Musculoskeletal Injuries
Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy forms an important part of the daily practice of a gastroenterologist. Its use and applicability nowadays shift from diagnostic to therapeutic fields, and it forms a significant part of the workload of the GI practitioner. Ergonomics in GI endoscopy plays an important role in occupational injury prevention. Due to a higher volume of procedures, the problem with musculoskeletal injuries is becoming bigger and everyday more present among fellow gastroenterologists.
  • 263
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Endosonography—Elastography
Ultrasonographic elastography is a modality used to visualize the elastic properties of tissues. Technological advances in ultrasound equipment have supported the evaluation of elastography (EG) in endosonography (EUS). Currently, the usefulness of not only EUS-strain elastography (EUS-SE) but also EUS-shear wave elastography (EUS-SWE) has been reported.
  • 299
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Enteric Glia and Its Modulation by Endocannabinoid System
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that intrinsically innervates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Whereas enteric neurons have been deeply studied, the enteric glial cells (EGCs) have received less attention. However, these are immune-competent cells that contribute to the maintenance of the GI tract homeostasis through supporting epithelial integrity, providing neuroprotection, and influencing the GI motor function and sensation. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) includes endogenous classical cannabinoids (anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol), cannabinoid-like ligands (oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)), enzymes involved in their metabolism (FAAH, MAGL, COX-2) and classical (CB1 and CB2) and non-classical (TRPV1, GPR55, PPAR) receptors. The ECS participates in many processes crucial for the proper functioning of the GI tract, in which the EGCs are involved.
  • 423
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Enteric Glial Cells
 At first, enteric glial cells were considered to be just a structural support for neurons, but recent findings emphasized more on their functions, and they turned out to be equally as important as neural cells, due to their involvement in all aspects of neural functions for both the central and peripheral nervous system, including the ENS.They have been mostly underestimated, particularly regarding the modulation of their functions by nutraceuticals.
  • 679
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Enteric Glial Cells and Their Involvement in PD
The brain–gut axis has been identified as an important contributor to the physiopathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD).  In this pathology, inflammation is thought to be driven by the damage caused by aggregation of α-synuclein in the brain. Activation and reactive gliosis are associated to the neurodegeneration produced by Parkinson’s disease in the enteric nervous system.
  • 182
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors in Gallbladder Carcinogenesis
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive neoplasm that in an early stage is generally asymptomatic and, in most cases, is diagnosed in advanced stages with a very low life expectancy because there is no curative treatment. Therefore, understanding the early carcinogenic mechanisms of this pathology is crucial to proposing preventive strategies for this cancer. The main risk factor is the presence of gallstones, which are associated with some environmental factors such as a sedentary lifestyle and a high-fat diet. Other risk factors such as autoimmune disorders and bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections have also been described. All these factors can generate a long-term inflammatory state characterized by the persistent activation of the immune system, the frequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the constant production of reactive oxygen species that result in a chronic damage/repair cycle, subsequently inducing the loss of the normal architecture of the gallbladder mucosa that leads to the development of GBC.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) have been recognized as occidentalized diseases, due to their higher rates of incidence and prevalence in occidental countries. CD mostly presents between 20 and 30 years, whereas UC mostly presents between 30 and 40 years, as well as from 60 to 70 years. 
  • 459
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently the third most frequent form of malignancy and the second in terms of mortality. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are recognized risk factors for this type of cancer. Despite a worldwide increase in the incidence of CRC, the risk of CRC-related death in IBD patients has declined over time, probably because of successful surveillance strategies, the use of more effective drugs in the management of remission and improved indications to colectomy. 
  • 506
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a Th-2 antigen-mediated disease in which there is an influx of eosinophils to all layers of the esophagus, triggering an inflammatory response. Chronic inflammatory process causes esophageal remodeling, leading to difficulties in swallowing. Food impaction, heartburn, and chest pain are other characteristic (but not pathognomonic) symptoms in adults.
  • 449
  • 13 Apr 2023
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