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Topic Review
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Cancer
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular reprogramming process that occurs during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. This process involves epithelial cells acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype. Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) has become a hot issue in colorectal cancer (CRC) because strong inducers of EMT (such as transforming growth factor β, TGF-β) can initiate EMT and regulate metastasis, micro-environment, and immune system resistance in CRC.
  • 353
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Janus-Faced Role of Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Autophagy is a multi-step catabolic process that occurs in cells at a basal level and is triggered by various stressors that disrupt cellular homeostasis. These stressors can include low levels of cellular ATP, nutrient and growth factor deficiencies, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, pathogen entry, or exposure to anticancer drugs. 
  • 353
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Drug-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Adults
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute inflammation of the pancreas caused by the activation of digestive enzymes in the pancreatic tissue. The main causes of AP are cholelithiasis and alcohol abuse; less commonly, it can be caused by drugs, with a prevalence of up to 5%. Causal associations between drugs and pancreatitis are largely based on case reports or case series with limited evidence.
  • 352
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota and miRNA in IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and comprises a chronic gastrointestinal tract disorder characterized by hyperactive and dysregulated immune responses to environmental factors, including gut microbiota and dietary components.
  • 351
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Medical Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease has a high incidence and prevalence in the general population. Clinical manifestations are heterogenous, and so is the response to medical treatment. Proton pump inhibitors are still the most common agents used to control reflux symptoms and for healing esophagitis, but they are not a one-size-fits-all solution for the disease. Patients with persistent troublesome symptoms despite medical therapy, those experiencing some adverse drug reaction, or those unwilling to take lifelong medications deserve valid alternatives.
  • 353
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy and Apoptosis
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) implicates several interconnecting factors. Immunity and external factors interact, and most aspects are still under investigation. Autophagy and apoptosis are two critical pathways that decide the fate of the individual cells of the intestinal mucosa.
  • 350
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Physiopathology of Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a severe chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with relapsing–remitting behavior. It is also called regional ileitis due to its frequent involvement of the ileum, which can occur anywhere in the GIT, being typically transmural.
  • 348
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
TLR4 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Immunotherapy has emerged as the mainstay treatment option for unresectable HCC. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a crucial role in the innate immune response by recognizing and responding primarily to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. In addition to its role in the innate immune system, TLR4 has also been implicated in adaptive immunity, including specific anti-tumor immune responses. In particular, the TLR4 signaling pathway seems to be involved in the regulation of several cancer hallmarks, such as the continuous activation of cellular pathways that promote cell division and growth, the inhibition of programmed cell death, the promotion of several invasion and metastatic mechanisms, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and epigenetic modifications. Emerging evidence further suggests that TLR4 signaling holds promise as a potential immunotherapeutic target in HCC
  • 346
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a growing global phenomenon, and its damaging effects in terms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are becoming more apparent. NAFLD is estimated to affect around one quarter of the world population and is often comorbid with other metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and metabolic syndrome.
  • 344
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Equol Production Status and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Equol is a metabolite of daidzein, a major soybean isoflavone with estrogenic and antioxidant activities. As the production of equol depends on the presence of certain members of the intestinal microflora, not all individuals can produce equol. Treatment with equol-rich soy product, SE5-OH markedly attenuated the development of liver fibrosis and the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in obese OLETF rats, and in the clinical study, the degree of fibrosis and ballooning in equol nonproducers was significantly higher than that of producers in women with NASH. In addition, the percentage of nonproducers with NAS ≥ 5 was significantly higher than that of producers in women with NASH. 
  • 342
  • 19 Nov 2021
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