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Topic Review
Diagnosis and Prognosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, occurring in both obese and lean patients. It can lead to life-threatening liver diseases and nonhepatic complications, such as cirrhosis and cardiovascular diseases, that burden public health and the health care system. While liver biopsies are the gold-standard in diagnosing NAFLD, it is highly invasive. Hence, several non-invasive methods are developed to diagnose various stages of disease progression and predict NAFLD-related morbidity and mortality. 
  • 378
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic Stenting for Malignant Dysphagia with Esophageal Cancer
Malignant dysphagia is a common problem in patients with esophageal cancer. Endoscopic stenting can resolve dysphagia caused by malignant stricture; however, controversy exists regarding the use of esophageal stenting for the treatment of malignant stricture, including whether stenting or radiotherapy is superior, whether stenting before or after radiotherapy is safe, whether stenting before or after chemotherapy is safe, and whether low-radial-force stents are safer than conventional stents. 
  • 378
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Methods for Evaluation of Gastric Motility
Gastric motility abnormalities are common in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction such as functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis. Accurate assessment of the gastric motility in these common disorders can help understand the underlying pathophysiology and guide effective treatment. A variety of clinically applicable diagnostic methods have been developed to objectively evaluate for presence of gastric dysmotility, including tests of gastric accommodation, antroduodenal motility, gastric emptying, and gastric myoelectrical activity. The advances in clinically available diagnostic methods for evaluation of gastric motility are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of each test are described.
  • 376
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Regulation in Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis is a complicated process that involves different cell types and pathological factors. The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the formation of fibrotic scar disrupt the tissue homeostasis of the liver, eventually leading to cirrhosis and even liver failure. Myofibroblasts derived from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to the development of liver fibrosis by producing ECM in the area of injuries. It has been reported that the secretion of the neuroendocrine hormone in chronic liver injury is different from a healthy liver. Activated HSCs and cholangiocytes express specific receptors in response to these neuropeptides released from the neuroendocrine system and other neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine hormones and their receptors form a complicated network that regulates hepatic inflammation, which controls the progression of liver fibrosis.
  • 375
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Stroma Ratio in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death, and its incidence is rising in the younger patient population.  In the past decade, research has unveiled several processes (underlying tumorigenesis, many of which involve interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding tissue or tumor microenvironment (TME). Interactions between components of the TME are mediated at a sub-microscopic level. 
  • 374
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a very complex world health problem. Approximately 905,677 new cases and 830,180 HCC-related deaths were reported in 2020. The estimation of more than 1 million deaths caused by HCC by 2030 has been predicted. The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multifactorial process that has not yet been fully investigated.
  • 374
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Galectin-1 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Galectin-1 is a unique and critical member of the galectin family, characterized by its ability to bind to β-galactoside-containing glycoconjugates. 
  • 374
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Crohn’s Disease Complication
Crohn’s Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder in which up to 50% of patients develop fistula within 20 years after the initial diagnosis, and half of these patients suffer perianal fistulizing disease. The etiopathogenesis of CD-related perianal fistula is still unclear, and its phenotypical and molecular characteristics are even more indefinite. A better understanding would be crucial to develop targeted and more effective therapeutic strategies.
  • 373
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Screening for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of abnormal liver function tests worldwide, with an estimated prevalence ranging between 19–46% in the general population. Given the high prevalence and severity of NAFLD, especially in high-risk populations (i.e., patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and/or obesity), there is a major interest in early detection of the disease in primary care.
  • 373
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Histological Healing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises two types of chronic intestinal disorders: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In long-standing ulcerative colitis disease activity, histological persistent inflammation has been linked to an increased risk of relapse, and long-term corticosteroid use, even when endoscopic remission is reached. In Crohn’s disease, the discontinuous nature of lesions and transmural inflammation have limited the standardized histological assessment. The current evidence from research proposes that besides clinical and endoscopic healing, the achievement of histological healing constitutes an endpoint to assess disease activity and remission in IBD patients concerning better long-term disease outcomes. Histological alterations may persist even in the absence of endoscopic lesions. For these reasons, new advanced techniques promise to revolutionize the field of IBD by improving the endoscopic and histologic assessment, disease characterization, and ultimately patient care, with an established role in daily practice for objective assessment of lesions. 
  • 373
  • 01 Dec 2023
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