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Topic Review
Physiological Significance of Esophageal TRPV4 Channel
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a non-selective cation channel that is broadly expressed in different human tissues, including the digestive system, where it acts as a molecular sensor and a transducer that regulates a variety of functional activities.
  • 518
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
FOXO3, Autophagy and Sorafenib Resistance in Human Hepatocarcinoma
Early development of resistance to sorafenib accounts for the poor prognosis of advanced hepatocarcinoma (HCC). Autophagy, a double-edge autodegradative and recycling process, has been related to the modulation of drug sensitivity in cancer cells. The transcription factor forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) has been associated with the pathogenesis of HCC, but the involvement of FOXO3 on autophagy-related sorafenib resistance in HCC needs to be further investigated. A recent research verified that HCC cells are able to surpass sorafenib effects during chemoresistance acquisition via the upregulation of FOXO3 and the subsequent induction of a pro-survival autophagy. Hence, FOXO3-associated autophagy could constitute a novel therapeutic target in the advanced HCC landscape.
  • 517
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
This entry describes the actual knowledge on diagnosis and management of extra-esophageal manifestations of gastro-esophageal reflux disease. The 2006 Montreal consensus defined GERD as a condition that develops when the reflux of the stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications into the esophagus. Tissue damage related to GERD range from esophagitis to Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma; troublesome symptoms attributable to reflux can be esophageal (heartburn, regurgitation) or extra-esophageal (EE). GERD can be further classified by the presence of erosions on endoscopic examination (Erosive Reflux Disease [ERD] and Nonerosive Reflux Disease [NERD]).
  • 517
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pre-biotics, Probiotics and Post-Biotics
Gut microbiota (GM) is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, and yeasts. It has several functions in the human body ranging from immunomodulation to metabolic. GM derangement is called dysbiosis and is involved in several host diseases. Pre-, probiotics, and symbiotics (PRE-PRO-SYMB) have been extensively developed and studied for GM re-modulation.
  • 518
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis with SARS-CoV-2 in Colorectal: Probiotic
GI microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with respiratory disorders, including COVID-19, as well as sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) through imbalanced microbiota and compromised immune response. It is pertinent to understand the possible role of probiotics in stabilizing the microbial environment and maintaining the integrity of the respiratory and GI tracts in SARS-CoV-2 induced dysbiosis and colorectal carcinogenesis. 
  • 516
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sleeve Gastrectomy, Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass
Bariatric/metabolic surgery involves different techniques leading to different effects on pancreatic cell populations. Currently, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is one of the most performed techniques. A consequence of this procedure is the drastic removal of the gastric fundus and corpus ghrelin-producing cell population.
  • 516
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Liver Transplantation versus Liver Resection
For patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma, it is important to know whether liver transplantation offers a survival benefit over liver resection. Patients receiving transplantation often have different characteristics in terms of their cancer stage and liver function compared to those being resected. This makes a comparison of the two treatment modalities challenging. This article presents a critical appraisal of the currently available literature. We not only provide a summary of the main results of individual articles but also describe their strengths and weaknesses, the relationships among them, and their trends. As a result, we suggest the regression discontinuity design for future studies that uses thresholds of a treatment guideline to help ensure that the groups are more comparable. 
  • 516
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of MicroRNAs during Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a debilitating autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation along the GI tract. Patients diagnosed with IBD are symptomatic for recurrent intestinal inflammation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, weight loss and anaemia. Due to its complexity, a number of factors are attributed to IBD aetiology, including patients’ genetics and makeup of microbiota, food and pharmaceutical consumption, and even limiting antigen exposure due to excessive sanitation. All these aspects further contribute to changes in miRNA expression.
  • 515
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Markers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer with an increasing worldwide mortality rate. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer. In both types of cancers, early detection is very important. Biomarkers are a relevant part of diagnosis, enabling non-invasive detection and control of cancer recurrence, as well as in the application of screening tests in high-risk groups. Furthermore, some of these biomarkers are useful in controlling therapy and treatment selection. Detection of some markers presents higher sensitivity and specificity in combination with other markers when compared with a single detection. Some gene aberrations are also prognostic markers in the two types of cancers.
  • 513
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed with the more advanced imaging techniques allows an accurate assessment of many intestinal disorders, particularly inflammatory bowel disease and rectal cancer; in most of these diseases, MRI is invaluable for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring under treatment. Several MRI parameters are currently considered activity biomarkers for inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Furthermore, in younger patients with acute or chronic GI disease, MRI can be safely used for short-term follow-up studies in many critical clinical situations because it is radiation-free. MRI assessment of functional gastro-esophageal and small bowel disorders is still in its infancy but very promising, while it is well established and widely used for dynamic assessment of anorectal and pelvic floor dysfunction; MRI motility biomarkers have also been described. 
  • 512
  • 07 Aug 2023
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