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Topic Review
Percutaneous Ablation-Induced Immunomodulation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and its incidence is rising. Percutaneous locoregional therapies, such as radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation, are widely used as curative treatment options for patients with small HCC, but their effectiveness remains restricted because of the associated high rate of recurrence, occurring in about 70% of patients at five years. These thermal ablation techniques have the particularity to induce immunomodulation by destroying tumours, although this is not sufficient to raise an effective antitumour immune response. Ablative therapies combined with immunotherapies could act synergistically to enhance antitumour immunity. 
  • 290
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Link of Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis and Brain Disorders
Neuropsychiatric diseases cover a wide spectrum of diseases affecting the brain, behaviour, and mood, affecting people of any age. Disruptions in microbial compositions have been implicated in diseases such as asthma, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and autism. The microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut bacteria and the central nervous system (CNS). It is an extension of the gut–brain axis, in which the enteric nervous system (ENS), CNS, and the GI-tract work together to affect physiological aspects of the gut: motility, secretion, and acid and mucus production. The bacteria may influence the brain via the production of neurotransmitters and bacterial metabolites via stimulation of the vagal nerve, the immune system, or the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA-axis). On the other hand, the brain’s effects on the gut in terms of secretion, peristalsis, and sensory are mainly transferred via the vagus nerve.
  • 581
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer Due to Chronic H. pylori Infection
Helicobacter pylori is an established cause of many gastrointestinal pathologies including peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, and gastric cancer. It is an entity that affects the global population, and its true nature has only been known since the 1980s. Although there is much known about H. pylori including its pathophysiology, detection, and eradication, resistance to therapy models is common. This is problematic because untreated or inadequately treated H. pylori increases morbidity and mortality related to gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease among others. In order to improve the treatment and reduce resistance, there is significant ongoing research identifying new detection and eradication methods for H. pylori.
  • 295
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Influence of Gut–Liver Axis on Portal Hypertension
Clinically significant portal hypertension is associated with most complications of advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD), including variceal bleeding, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy. Gut dysbiosis is a hallmark of ACLD with portal hypertension and consists of the overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in autochthonous bacteria; additionally, congestion makes the intestinal barrier more permeable to bacteria and their products, which contributes to the development of complications through inflammatory mechanisms within the gut–liver axis. The identification of the gut–liver liver-axis-related metabolic and molecular pathways may serve as a target for new therapeutic strategies through the modulation of the intestinal environment.
  • 375
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Role of Exosomes in Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, having a significantly poor prognosis and no sufficiently efficient treatments. Immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has provided new therapeutic approaches for HCC patients. Nevertheless, most patients with HCC do not benefit from immunotherapy. Exosomes are biologically active lipid bilayer nano-sized vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm and can be secreted by almost any cell.
  • 306
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Classification and Diagnosis of Acute Pancreatitis
The pancreas is a glandular organ that is responsible for the proper functioning of the digestive and endocrine systems, and therefore, it affects the condition of the entire body. Consequently, it is important to effectively diagnose and treat diseases of this organ. According to clinicians, pancreatitis—a common disease affecting the pancreas—is one of the most complicated and demanding diseases of the abdomen. The classification of pancreatitis is based on clinical, morphologic, and histologic criteria. Medical doctors distinguish, inter alia, acute pancreatitis (AP), the most common causes of which are gallstone migration and alcohol abuse.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Hepatocellular Neoplasms
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a major global contributor of cancer death, usually arises in a background of chronic liver disease, as a result of molecular changes that deregulate important signal transduction pathways. Certain molecular changes of hepatocarcinogenesis are associated with clinicopathologic features and prognosis, suggesting that subclassification of HCC is practically useful. On the other hand, subclassification of hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs), a heterogenous group of neoplasms, has been well established on the basis of genotype–phenotype correlations. 
  • 580
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Worldwide, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) significantly increases mortality and morbidity. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has had a considerable impact on healthcare systems all around the world, having a significant effect on planned patient activity and established care pathways, in order to meet the difficult task of the global pandemic. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are considered a particularly susceptible population and conceivably at increased risk for severe COVID-19 because of two combined risk factors: chronic advanced liver disease and HCC itself. In these challenging times, it is mandatory to reshape clinical practice in a prompt way to preserve the highest standards of patient care and safety.
  • 452
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Classification of Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer, being mostly colorectal carcinomas (CRC), represents the third most diagnosed cancer and the second cause of cancer-related death. Molecular classification serves as indicator of targeted therapy
  • 680
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Liver Fibrosis Regression
Hepatic fibrosis is a scar formation process consisting in altered deposition of extracellular matrix. Progression of fibrosis can lead to impaired liver architecture and function, resulting in cirrhosis and organ failure. In the liver, due to its high regenerative ability, the extent of fibrosis regression and reversion to normal architecture is higher than in other tissues, even in advanced disease. 
  • 538
  • 24 Aug 2022
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