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Topic Review
Xenograft Model in Animal Models of Cancer
Animal models of cancer may be classified in a variety of ways. Most simply, they are either spontaneous or induced and mammalian or non-mammalian. Alternatively, they may be categorized by the method of inducing cancer occurrence. A xenograft model involves the transplantation of cancer cells from one species (e.g., human) into a host animal of a different species (e.g., mouse).
  • 904
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Volatile Anesthetic-Induced Organ Protection
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable in kidney transplantation and negatively impacts graft and patient outcome. Reperfusion takes place in the recipient and most of the injury following ischemia and reperfusion occurs during this reperfusion phase; therefore, the intra-operative period seems an attractive window of opportunity to modulate IRI and improve short- and potentially long-term graft outcome. Commonly used volatile anesthetics such as sevoflurane and isoflurane have been shown to interfere with many of the pathophysiological processes involved in the injurious cascade of IRI. 
  • 472
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Vasovagal Reactions during Interventional Pain Management Procedures
Vasovagal reactions—defined as a rapid drop in heart rate and/or blood pressure, usually in response to a stressful trigger—are a common complication of interventional pain management procedures. Three types of vasovagal responses have been described in the literature: a cardioinhibitory form (HR < 40 bpm), vasodepressor form (SBP < 80 mmHg or decrease by >30% without significant HR reduction), or mixed form (HR < 40 bpm and SBP < 80 mmHg or decrease by >30%). Typical symptoms of a vasovagal reaction are lightheadedness or dizziness, palpitations, weakness, blurred vision, nausea, feelings of warmth or coldness, and sweating. When a vasovagal reaction results in a loss of consciousness, it is termed vasovagal syncope. Although vasovagal reactions are usually benign in nature, they can lead to more serious complications for both patients and providers, such as aborted procedures, cardiac arrythmias, or fear of future procedures. It is thus useful for pain medicine clinicians to identify the risk factors, prevention, and management of vasovagal reactions in an outpatient setting.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Vasopressin in Sepsis and Other Shock States
Septic shock is defined by the need for vasopressors to correct hypotension and lactic acidosis secondary to infection, with a high mortality rate. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend vasopressin as a second-line vasopressor, added to norepinephrine. 
  • 252
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Guided Saphenous Nerve Block in Rabbits
Ultrasound-guided (US-guided) loco-regional anesthesia techniques allow direct visualization and blockade of sensory nerves. The saphenous nerve (SN), a terminal branch of the femoral nerve (FN), is strictly a sensory nerve for which electrical locator devices are ineffective for localization as no effector muscle contractions can be evoked. US-guided SN block in species other than rabbits produces hind-limb analgesia without affecting FN motor function.
  • 446
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Guided Interfascial Plane Blocks
Ultrasound-guided interfascial plane blocks performed on the anterior and lateral thoracic wall have become an important adjuvant method to general anesthesia and an independent method of local anesthesia and pain management.
  • 372
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasonographic Assessment during the Weaning Process
Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation (MV) is a complex process that may result in either success or failure. The use of ultrasound at the bedside to assess organs may help to identify the underlying mechanisms that could lead to weaning failure and enable proactive measures to minimize extubation failure.
  • 56
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Treatment of Chronic Pain
The International Association for Study of Pain defines it as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage” . 
  • 517
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The PATIENT Approach
PATIENT (P: patient’s perception; A: assessment; T: tailored approach; I: iterative evaluation; E: education; N: non-pharmacological approach; T: team), a bundle which can help to summarize all the steps to follow in the management of chronic pain.
  • 190
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Omics Complexity in Sepsis
Sepsis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the remarkable advances in modern medicine throughout the last century, the mortality rates associated with sepsis have remained significantly elevated, both in high- and low-income countries. The main difficulty in the diagnosis and treatment of septic patients is the tremendous heterogeneity of this condition. 
  • 62
  • 11 Mar 2024
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