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Topic Review
Bacterial Efflux Pump Inhibitors Reduce Antibiotic Resistance
Efflux pump inhibitors, small molecules capable of restoring the effectiveness of existing antibiotics, are considered potential solutions to antibiotic resistance and have been an active area of research in recent years. Efflux pump inhibitors block efflux pumps through one or more processes, which can inactivate drug transport. 
  • 211
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Leukodystrophy Imaging
Leukodystrophies, a group of rare demyelinating disorders, mainly affect the CNS. Clinical presentation of different types of leukodystrophies can be nonspecific, and thus, imaging techniques like MRI can be used for a more definitive diagnosis.
  • 135
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Mechanisms in Development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Fibroblasts synthesize collagen, fibronectin, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Myofibroblasts—other cells involved in fibrosis—secrete factors such as VEGF and TGF-β, produce denser but more disorganized ECM than fibroblasts, and persist longer at the injury site. One cytokine involved in tissue repair is TGF-β. Sources of TGF-β include platelet granules and macrophages. TGF-β is predominantly expressed in PF and helps stimulate the formation of ECM, collagen, fibronectin, elastic fibers, and matrix substances.
  • 195
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Customized Subperiosteal Implants forthe Rehabilitation of Atrophic Jaws
Customized subperiosteal implants (CSIs) are a promising treatment option for rehabilitating edentulous patients with atrophic jaws; they seem to have an excellent short-term survival rate, a low incidence of major complications, and less morbidity in comparison with complex bone grafting procedures. 
  • 117
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Anderson–Fabry Disease
Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is a lysosome storage disorder resulting from an X-linked inheritance of a mutation in the galactosidase A (GLA) gene encoding for the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-GAL A). This mutation results in a deficiency or absence of α-GAL A activity, with a progressive intracellular deposition of glycosphingolipids leading to organ dysfunction and failure. Cardiac damage starts early in life, often occurring sub-clinically before overt cardiac symptoms. Left ventricular hypertrophy represents a common cardiac manifestation, albeit conduction system impairment, arrhythmias, and valvular abnormalities may also characterize AFD. Even in consideration of pleiotropic manifestation, diagnosis is often challenging. Thus, knowledge of cardiac and extracardiac diagnostic “red flags” is needed to guide a timely diagnosis.
  • 152
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Spinal Injury
The significant impact of machine learning and deep learning in spinal injury care are highlighted, focusing on diagnostic improvement and fracture prediction. Techniques like convolutional neural networks improve fracture detection, while machine learning methods offer prognostic insights, facilitating personalized care by analyzing imaging and clinical data.
  • 138
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
3D Printing in Hip Surgery
Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is the process of creating objects from a 3D digital model layer by layer. Its origin dates back to 1984, when Chuck Hall developed his patent “Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography”. There are many surgical applications of 3D printing in hip surgery, most of them based on CT images. 
  • 96
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Brain Functional Correlates of Resting Hypnosis and Hypnotizability
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and structural MRI investigations offer complementary insights into the distinctive frontal functioning associated with high hypnotizability. Studies indicate that individuals with high hypnotizability display more pronounced reductions in activation of the medial prefrontal or dorsal anterior cingulate cortex following neutral hypnotic induction than their low hypnotizable ones. Moreover, research has disclosed that induction-specific reductions in the activation of the Default Mode Network (DMN) regions correspond to spontaneous changes in cognitive and perceptual states, and the state of attentional absorption during a hypnotic induction has been associated with reduced DMN activity and increased prefrontal attentional system activity.
  • 105
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Alterations in Thymic Epithelial Tumors
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are characterized by their extreme rarity and variable clinical presentation, with the inadequacy of the use of histological classification alone to distinguish biologically indolent from aggressive cases. The utilization of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to unravel the intricate genetic landscape of TETs could offer us a comprehensive understanding that is crucial for precise diagnoses, prognoses, and potential therapeutic strategies. Despite the low tumor mutational burden of TETS, NGS allows for exploration of specific genetic signatures contributing to TET onset and progression. Thymomas exhibit a limited mutational load, with prevalent GTF2I and HRAS mutations. On the other hand, thymic carcinomas (TCs) exhibit an elevated mutational burden, marked by frequent mutations in TP53 and genes associated with epigenetic regulation. 
  • 68
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of Metabolic Connectome in Complex Diseases
The interconnectivity of advanced biological systems is essential for their proper functioning. In modern connectomics, biological entities such as proteins, genes, RNA, DNA, and metabolites are often represented as nodes, while the physical, biochemical, or functional interactions between them are represented as edges. Among these entities, metabolites are particularly significant as they exhibit a closer relationship to an organism’s phenotype compared to genes or proteins. Moreover, the metabolome has the ability to amplify small proteomic and transcriptomic changes, even those from minor genomic changes. Metabolic networks, which consist of complex systems comprising hundreds of metabolites and their interactions, play a critical role in biological research by mediating energy conversion and chemical reactions within cells. 
  • 168
  • 02 Feb 2024
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