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Topic Review
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Serum Lipid Level Association
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology. Many metabolic alterations occur during ALS progress and can be used as a method of pre-diagnostic and early diagnosis. Dyslipidemia is one of the physiological changes observed in numerous ALS patients.
  • 308
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathophysiology
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a traumatic condition, whereby motor neurons are lost eventually leading to death within a couple of years. There is no effective treatment, due primarily to a lack of understanding as to the relevant pathophysiological changes occurring. The biological underpinnings of ALS is described, highlighting the role of the gut microbiome, glia, muscles and the changes at the neuromuscular junction. It is proposed that alterations in the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway are a crucial aspect of ALS pathophysiology that underpins the changes in intercellular interactions that drive ALS. Many of these initial changes  seem to arise in the gut, indicating that this may be an important site for evaluation and treatment in the prevention of ALS. It is also proposed that glyphosate-based herbicides (weedkillers) exposure may be a relevant aspect of ALS susceptibility and progression. 
  • 604
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with the Enteric Nervous System
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and medulla oblongata. Most patients present a clinical phenotype of classic ALS—with predominant atrophy, muscle weakness, and fasciculations—and survival of 3 to 5 years following diagnosis. There are two types of ALS: the familial form with genetic involvement, and the sporadic form with a multifactorial origin. ALS pathophysiology is characterized by involvement of multiple processes, including oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, it is proposed that conditioning risk factors affect ALS development—such as susceptibility to neurodegeneration in motor neurons, the intensity of performed physical activity, and intestinal dysbiosis with involvement of the enteric nervous system—which supports the existing theories of disease generation.
  • 386
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
An Alternative Model of Cancer-Related Fatigue
The most notable framework previously proposed to describe complex disease processes is the biopsychosocial model, an inter-disciplinary model that looks at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socioenvironmental factors. While the biopsychosocial model has played a crucial role in counteracting biological reductionism and progressing towards a more holistic philosophy of human health, it lacks the granularity necessary to understand how various factors contribute to disease. In contrast, the 3P model can be utilized to describe the complex biological and psychological processes underlying cancer-related fatigue. The 3P model postulates that predisposing factors place patients at risk of developing baseline fatigue (e.g., 1. biobehavioral: age, biological sex, genetic variants, metabolomics, inflammation, body composition, nutritional quality, circadian disruption, and co-morbidities; 2. psychosocial: depressed mood, anxiety, insomnia, and perceived stress); precipitating factors spur the onset of fatigue (e.g., changes in metabolism and inflammation due to cancer and/or chemotherapy and treatment-related factors: systemic therapy and radiotherapy); and perpetuating factors worsen fatigue or cause it to become chronic (e.g., poor sleep, physical inactivity, and poor diet). The 3P model has been suggested for better understanding fatigue and successfully applied to other chronic conditions including sleep and pain. 
  • 436
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
An Inherited Cardiomyopathy: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited heart muscle disease, which is characterized by fibro-fatty replacement of predominantly the right ventricle (RV). The disease can result in ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
  • 397
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
An Insight into Psychedelic Drugs in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia remains a serious chronic mental illness since its revelation more than a century ago by Dr. Emile Kraepelin. Despite the low prevalence, nearly 24 million people suffer from this disorder, which constitutes 1 in 300 people (0.32%) of the world’s population and this rate is 1 in 222 people (0.45%) among adults. The symptoms of schizophrenia more often appear in the second or third decade of life, and disease occurrence is tied to a combination of factors such as genetic, socio-demographic, and environmental factor. Clinical schizophrenia is presented in two unique and distinct sets of symptomatology, which include ‘positive’ symptoms and ‘negative’ symptoms, and is also accompanied by significant impairment of cognitive functioning in one or more major areas. This may include an inability to execute work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, and there is also a failure to achieve the expected level of interpersonal, academic, or occupational functioning. According to the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for mental disorders-V (DSM-V), the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and behaviour; and the negative symptoms are diminished emotional expression or avolitio. These symptoms have been found to be chronically present once the disease starts, but generally the illness is marked as alternate signs of remission and exacerbation or partial remission or exacerbation. Some psychotic symptoms may be treated without the need for medication with proper human care, social support and care including electroconvulsive therapy.
  • 6.1K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
An Instrument for Occupation-Based Research
Occupational therapy practice is based on the fundamental assumption that meaningful occupations play a key role in achieving and maintaining health and wellbeing by facilitating personal engagement and accomplishment [1]. This practice framework rests largely on the fact that occupational performance should involve an occupational balance (OB), i.e., a sense of harmony between occupations, becoming a necessary condition to ensure that occupations properly perform a process for obtaining health and wellness. From an occupational perspective of health, it should be noted that there is a variety of risk factors that can affect the right use, choice, opportunity, or balance in an occupation, thereby resulting in occupational dysfunction, which may also involve other negative consequences such as occupational deprivation, occupational alienation, or occupational imbalance.
  • 792
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
An Introduction to Liver Cancers
The liver is the largest and most functionally diverse organ in the human body, and is known to be a critical hub for multiple physiological processes. It is highly vascularized in its nature, making it the most common site for cancer development, especially metastatic cancers. 
  • 336
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
An Overview of the Main Rising Driver Alterations
Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition (MET) is a proto-oncogene encoding for a tyrosine kinase receptor that binds hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a protein involved in many crucial processes, including cell survival, migration and invasion. 
  • 329
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
An Updated Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is defined as progressive, combined cardiac and renal dysfunction. Here, the pathomechanisms and clinical hallmarks of both chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease are presented, and an updated classification of CRS is proposed.
  • 568
  • 10 Jun 2022
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