Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Fructose and the Liver
Fructose possesses an open-chain chemical conformation and is therefore much more reactive than glucose. Experimental studies have shown that a high fructose intake promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, higher serum uric acid levels, hypertriglyceridemia, higher systolic blood pressure, and insulin resistance(). In humans, the physiological impact depends on the formulation in which the fructose is consumed; consumption via solids and liquids differently affects microbiota composition, gut integrity, and liver toxicity.
  • 808
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Off-the-Shelf Implants vs. Patient-Specific Implants
Conventional, off-the-shelf (OTS) implants were developed on the basis of anthropometric measurements of a defined standard population. Although different models and sizes of OTS implants exist, it can be challenging to find the best fitting implant design and size for the individual patient’s knee morphology. In addition, the choice of implant is also limited by the surgeon’s preferences and experience with different models or the availability in a particular hospital.
  • 808
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Potent Phytoestrogen 8-Prenylnaringenin
8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) is a prenylated flavonoid, occurring, in particular, in hop, but also in other plants. It has proven to be one of the most potent phytoestrogens in vitro known to date, and in the past 20 years, research has unveiled new effects triggered by it in biological systems. These findings have aroused the hopes, expectations, and enthusiasm of a “wonder-drug” for a host of human diseases. However, the majority of 8-PN effects require such high concentrations that they cannot be reached by normal dietary exposure, only pharmacologically; thus, adverse impacts may also emerge.
  • 808
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is one among a group of selective uremic toxins that may rise to high levels in the circulation or accumulate in various organs. Diet and microbiota each have a direct impact on many chronic, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. As the field develops, a new perspective is emerging. The effects of diet may depend on the microbiota composition of the intestine. A diet that is rich in choline, red meat, dairy, or egg may promote the growth, or change the composition, of microbial species. 
  • 808
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global pandemic that affects one-quarter of the world’s population. NAFLD includes a spectrum of progressive liver disease from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis and can be complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma. It is strongly associated with metabolic syndromes, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, and it has been shown that metabolic dysregulation is central to its pathogenesis. It has been suggested that metabolic- (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a more appropriate term to describe the disease than NAFLD, which puts increased emphasis on the important role of metabolic dysfunction in its pathogenesis. There is strong evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in the development and progression of NAFLD. Impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and, a reduction in mitochondrial quality, have been suggested to play a major role in NAFLD development and progression. 
  • 807
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Displacement Micropump with Check Valves for Diabetes Care—The Challenge of Pumping Insulin at Negative Pressure
The displacement micropump with passive check valves is an attractive solution for precise insulin infusion in patients with type I diabetes. Unlike most insulin pumps that push insulin from a cartridge using a piston, a displacement micropump will first pull insulin from the reservoir before infusing it into the patient. This dual sequence introduces new challenges in terms of insulin stability, notably if the reservoir is not pressurized. After an introduction to displacement micropumps and a brief review of the insulin degradation mechanism, micropump design rules are discussed in light of microfluidic theory.
  • 807
  • 14 May 2024
Topic Review
Heat Shock Protein Family in Prostate Cancer
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are conserved molecular chaperones that have cytoprotective properties and are upregulated in response to multiple pathophysiological stresses induced by extensive stimulations, such as high temperature, hypoxia and infectious agents (bacterial and viral). HSPs are categorized into six subfamilies based on the molecular weight: HSP110, HSP90, HSP70, HSP40, small HSPs, as well as chaperonin families.
  • 807
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Development of Organ Specificity among Endothelial Cells
Endothelial cells have a mesodermal origin; during vasculogenesis, a “first draft” of the vascular system is laid down to support the growing embryo. Vascular endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system and show remarkable heterogeneity. Even though endothelial cells originate from the same progenitor cells during development, they eventually contribute to different subtypes of endothelia. Based on morphology, the microvasculature consists of three main phenotypes: discontinuous, fenestrated, and non-fenestrated endothelium.
  • 807
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Lung Cancer in Taiwan
Lung cancers are life-threatening malignancies that cause great healthcare burdens in Taiwan and worldwide. The 5-year survival rate for Taiwanese patients with lung cancer is approximately 29%, an unsatisfactorily low number that remains to be improved. 
  • 807
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19-Associated Encephalopathy (COVEP): Basic Aspects of Neuropathology
SARS-CoV-2, a member of the betacoronavirus group and causative agent of COVID-19, is a virus affecting multiple systems, not only the respiratory. One of the systems affected by the virus is the central nervous system, with neuropathological studies reporting a wide set of morphological phenomena—neuroinflammation, vascular and blood-brain barrier alterations, neurodegeneration, and accelerated aging, while contradicting data is present on the direct neuroinvasive potential of the virus and active viral replication within neurons. The depicted changes, other than an acute effect (which may contribute to the death of the patient) also have chronic sequelae in the context of post-COVID syndrome cognitive impediments, sleep, and mood disorders. The following chapter describe the basic neuropathological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 as based on the present evidence in scientific literature and propose the term COVEP—COVID-associated encephalopathy—to unite the undisputed effects of the infection on nervous system morphology and function.
  • 806
  • 28 Nov 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 1353
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback