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Topic Review
Metastatic Castrate-Sensitive Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer accounts for a significant proportion of cancer diagnoses in Canadian men. Approximately one-third of all prostate cancers are metastatic at the time of diagnosis (synchronous) or recur (metachronous) following definitive treatment. Over the past decade, the therapeutic landscape for the management of metastatic prostate cancer has undergone rapid changes. Novel strategies use hormonal agents, chemotherapy, homologous recombination repair inhibitors, and radioligand therapy or combination strategies in addition to androgen deprivation therapy.
  • 206
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Dietary Patterns of Breast Cancer in Middle East
Breast cancer (BC) is the most predominant malignancy in Arab women in the Middle East. Most dietary patterns (DPs) such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean, Plant-based and Paleolithic diets are identified to decrease the probability of BC by being rich sources of fiber, healthy fats, and vitamins and minerals. However, there are few DPs that increase the risk of BC, because of the existence of foods such as unhealthy fats, low fiber, sugars, and fried foods in those patterns which contribute to increasing the risk factors associated with BC.
  • 79
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Complement Dysregulation in Glaucoma Patients
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by damage to the optic nerve that results in irreversible vision loss. While the exact pathology of glaucoma is not well understood, emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of the complement system, a key component of innate immunity, plays a crucial role. In glaucoma, dysregulation of the complement cascade and impaired regulation of complement factors contribute to chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration.
  • 139
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
Critical illness due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is rare in children, especially in those who were previously healthy. However, two post-infectious sequelae emerged during the pandemic that had significant impact on the morbidity associated with pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections: Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC or Long COVID). These two clinical entities are both temporally related to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, yet they have drastically different natural histories and management strategies. 
  • 71
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) System in Corneal Epithelium
The corneal epithelium, comprising three layers of cells, represents the outermost portion of the eye and functions as a vital protective barrier while concurrently serving as a critical refractive structure. Maintaining its homeostasis involves a complex regenerative process facilitated by the functions of the lacrimal gland, tear film, and corneal nerves. Crucially, limbal epithelial stem cells located in the limbus (transitional zone between the cornea and the conjunctiva) are instrumental for the corneal epithelium integrity by replenishing and renewing cells. Re-epithelialization failure results in persistent defects, often associated with various ocular conditions including diabetic keratopathy. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is a sophisticated network of insulin and other proteins essential for numerous physiological processes.
  • 109
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Myocardial Metabolism in HFpEF
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly prevalent and now accounts for half of all heart failure cases. This rise is largely attributed to growing rates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. The heart, being the most energy-demanding organ, appears to have a compromised bioenergetic capacity in heart failure, affecting all phenotypes and aetiologies. 
  • 224
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China, accounting for the majority of primary liver cancer cases. Liver resection is the preferred curative method for early-stage HCC.
  • 183
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Benefits of Adjuvant/Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
In addition to established evidence of the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), evidence of the effects of neoadjuvant treatments (NATs), including chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy, has also been accumulating. Recent results from prospective studies and meta-analyses suggest that NATs may be beneficial not only for borderline resectable PDAC, but also for resectable PDAC, by increasing the likelihood of successful R0 resection, decreasing the likelihood of the development of lymph node metastasis, and improving recurrence-free and overall survival. In addition, response to NAT may be informative for predicting the clinical course after preoperative NAT followed by surgery; in this way, the postoperative treatment strategy can be revised based on the effect of NAT and the post-neoadjuvant therapy/surgery histopathological findings.
  • 132
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid and inflammatory cell deposits in the inner layer of large- and medium-sized elastic and muscular arteries. Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and the overall and cardiovascular mortality, and it is a pro-atherogenic factor that induces atherosclerosis development and/or accelerates its progression through a multifactorial process. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are a new class of drugs, belonging to the armamentarium to fight type 2 DM, that have shown robust reductions in atherosclerotic events and all-cause mortality in all studies.
  • 118
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Biofeedback in Patellofemoral Pain Conservative Treatment
atellofemoral pain syndrome is typical of active young adults, manifesting as retro patellar or peripatellar pain. It usually begins slowly and progresses with a gradual increase in pain. Often atraumatic, it has been linked to increased weight bearing on the patellofemoral joint.
  • 120
  • 04 Mar 2024
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