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Topic Review
Antioxidant Nutraceuticals against Neurodegenerative Disease
This entry discusses on selected nutraceuticals and their plausible antioxidant effects on Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. Nutraceuticals such as resveratrol, curcumin and vitamin E alleviate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, metal chelators, and enhance antioxidant enzymes. Additionally they regulate intracellular signaling such as inflammatory, survival and apoptotic pathways. 
  • 882
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Esophageal Vagal afferent C-fibers' Functions
Heartburn and non-cardiac chest pain are the predominant symptoms in many esophageal disorders, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), functional heartburn and chest pain, and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). At present, neuronal mechanisms underlying the process of interoceptive signals in the esophagus are still less clear. Noxious stimuli can activate a subpopulation of primary afferent neurons at their nerve terminals in the esophagus. The evoked action potentials are transmitted through both the spinal and vagal pathways to their central terminals, which synapse with the neurons in the central nervous system to induce esophageal nociception. Over the last few decades, progress has been made in our understanding on the peripheral and central neuronal mechanisms of esophageal nociception. In this review, we focus on the roles of capsaicin-sensitive vagal primary afferent nodose and jugular C-fiber neurons in processing nociceptive signals in the esophagus. We briefly compare their distinctive phenotypic features and functional responses to mechanical and chemical stimulations in the esophagus. Then, we summarize activation and/or sensitization effects of acid, inflammatory cells (eosinophils and mast cells), and mediators (ATP, 5-HT, bradykinin, adenosine, S1P) on these two nociceptive C-fiber subtypes. Lastly, we discuss the potential roles of capsaicin-sensitive esophageal afferent nerves in processing esophageal sensation and nociception. A better knowledge of the mechanism of nociceptive signal processes in primary afferent nerves in the esophagus will help to develop novel treatment approaches to relieve esophageal nociceptive symptoms, especially those that are refractory to proton pump inhibitors.
  • 882
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Human Skin Microbiome
The skin is the common coat of the body and is the largest organ of the human organism. Its role is to provide an optimal environment for deeper tissues, by separating them from the external environment, and at the same time ensuring contact with it by exchanging substances and receiving stimuli.
  • 881
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
TRPV1 in Skin Diseases
TRPV1 is a nonspecific ion channel highly expressed by cutaneous sensory nerves and other skin cells, including circulating and skin resident immune cells. Understanding the role of TRPV1 in wound healing may inform future TRPV1-targeted therapies to improve healing in impaired and chronic wounds. Many factors contribute to the polymodal nature of TRPV1 channel activation including tetrameric composition, splice variant, accessory protein sensitization or desensitization, activator concentration/coupling, etc.
  • 881
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Herd Immunity against Viral Diseases
Microbiome is the preeminent factor to maintain the efficacy of vaccine platform. The inception of herd immunity in society is depending upon food habits, microbiome symbiosis, environmental factors, and network among people with each other.  Rigorous pan-India polio vaccination program for the last 30 years develops heterologous immunity providing cardinal protection against the COVID-19.
  • 881
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Sex, Asthma and Exercise
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a common complication of athletes and individuals who exercise regularly. It is estimated that about 90% of patients with underlying asthma (a sexually dimorphic disease) experience EIB; however, sex differences in EIB have not been studied extensively. With the goal of better understanding the prevalence of EIB in males and females, and because atopy has been reported to occur at higher rates in athletes, in this study, we investigated sex differences in EIB and atopy in athletes. A systematic literature review identified 60 studies evaluating EIB and/or atopy in post-pubertal adult athletes (n = 7501). Collectively, these studies reported: (1) a 23% prevalence of EIB in athletes; (2) a higher prevalence of atopy in male vs. female athletes; (3) a higher prevalence of atopy in athletes with EIB; (4) a significantly higher rate of atopic EIB in male vs. female athletes. Our analysis indicates that the physiological changes that occur during exercise may differentially affect male and female athletes, and suggest an interaction between male sex, exercise, and atopic status in the course of EIB. Understanding these sex differences is important to provide personalized management plans to athletes with underlying asthma and/or atopy.
  • 881
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tyk2 Targeting in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases
Genetic linkage has related dysfunction of Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2)—the first member of the Jak family that was described—to protection from psoriasis. Furthermore, Tyk2 dysfunction has been related to IMID prevention, without increasing the risk of serious infections; thus, Tyk2 inhibition has been established as a promising therapeutic target, with multiple Tyk2 inhibitors under development.
  • 880
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nuclear Envelope
The formation of the nuclear envelope and the subsequent compartmentalization of the genome is a defining feature of eukaryotes. Traditionally, the nuclear envelope was purely viewed as a physical barrier to preserve genetic material in eukaryotic cells.
  • 880
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Effect of Gymnema montanum/Momordica charantia/Moringa oleifera
Gymnema montanum (G. montanum, GM) is a plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, an endemic, woody climbing shrub found mainly in Africa and India. Momordica charantia (M. charantia, MC), a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, is commonly known as a bitter gourd, balsam pear, bitter melon, or Karela and could be found in India, Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, Cuba, Ghana, Haiti, the Middle East, Central and South America and many other regions. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera, MO) Lam is a plant that belongs to the Moringaceae family and naturally occurs widely in many tropical and subtropical areas. The extracts of Gymnema montanum, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera represent a promising and attractive source of phytochemicals with proven antidiabetic and antioxidant activity in rat models of diabetes. They increase pancreatic insulin and insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, reduce insulin resistance and hepatic gluconeogenesis, and have a modulatory effect on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and antihyperlipidemic properties. All three extracts reduced oxidative stress and revealed antiperoxidative features to protect β-cells against ROS. They are, therefore, good candidates for the management and treatment of diabetes in mammals, especially humans. Moreover, all three plants have been widely used in traditional medicine.
  • 880
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is comprised of two main branches, with ACE2 representing a crucial component of the protective part of the complex. The ACE2/Ang (1-7) axis is well represented in the testis, heart, brain, kidney, and intestine. Infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus determines downregulation of ACE2 and interrupts the equilibrium between ACE and ACE2 in these organs.
  • 880
  • 30 Sep 2022
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