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Topic Review
Leaky Gut and Autoimmunity
Damage to the tissue and the ruining of functions characterize autoimmune syndromes. This review centers around leaky gut syndromes and how they stimulate autoimmune pathogenesis. Lymphoid tissue commonly associated with the gut, together with the neuroendocrine network, collaborates with the intestinal epithelial wall, with its paracellular tight junctions, to maintain the balance, tolerance, and resistance to foreign/neo-antigens. The physiological regulator of paracellular tight junctions plays a vital role in transferring macromolecules across the intestinal barrier and thereby maintains immune response equilibrium. A new paradigm has explained the intricacies of disease development and proposed that the processes can be prevented if the interaction between the genetic factor and environmental causes is barred by re-instituting the intestinal wall function. The latest clinical evidence and animal models reinforce this current thought and offer the basis for innovative methodologies to thwart and treat autoimmune syndromes.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Forensic Podiatry
Forensic Podiatry is a subdiscipline of forensic science in which specialized podiatric knowledge including foot and lower limb anatomy, musculoskeletal function, deformities and diseases of the foot, ankle, lower extremities, and at times, the entire human body is used in the examination of foot-related evidence in the context of a criminal investigation. Forensic Podiatry has been defined as: The application of sound and researched podiatry knowledge and experience in forensic investigations, to show the association of an individual with a scene of crime, or to answer any other legal question concerned with the foot or footwear that requires knowledge of the functioning foot. Those who specialize in this field need to have gained knowledge and experience in podiatry and also in forensic science and practice. Forensic Podiatry is usually used to assist in the process of human identification, but can also be employed to help address issues relating to questions that have arisen within the context of forensic enquiry. Such questions could include whether or not a shoe could have had multiple wearers, what the effects of a shoe not fitting correctly could have been, whether or not someone could have placed their foot into a shoe that was too small for the postulated wearer's foot and other matters involving the podiatric interpretation of relevant evidential materials.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fowler’s Syndrome
Fowler’s syndrome is characterized by a large bladder capacity, reduced sensation, increased maximal urethral closure pressure, and detrusor underactivity.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
External Beam Radiotherapy
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is the most common form of radiotherapy (radiation therapy). The patient sits or lies on a couch and an external source of ionizing radiation is pointed at a particular part of the body. In contrast to brachytherapy (sealed source radiotherapy) and unsealed source radiotherapy, in which the radiation source is inside the body, external beam radiotherapy directs the radiation at the tumour from outside the body. Orthovoltage ("superficial") X-rays are used for treating skin cancer and superficial structures. Megavoltage X-rays are used to treat deep-seated tumours (e.g. bladder, bowel, prostate, lung, or brain), whereas megavoltage electron beams are typically used to treat superficial lesions extending to a depth of approximately 5 cm (increasing beam energy corresponds to greater penetration). X-rays and electron beams are by far the most widely used sources for external beam radiotherapy. A small number of centers operate experimental and pilot programs employing beams of heavier particles, particularly protons, owing to the rapid dropoff in absorbed dose beneath the depth of the target.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Covalent Inhibitors Covalently Bound to Cysteine
Covalent inhibitors are a class of small molecule compounds that can covalently bind to specific target proteins, thereby inhibiting their biological functions. Cysteine is one of the least abundant amino acids in proteins of many organisms, which plays a crucial role in catalysis, signal transduction, and redox regulation of gene expression. The thiol group of cysteine possesses the ability to perform nucleophilic and redox-active functions that are not feasible for other natural amino acids. Cysteine is the most common covalent amino acid residue and has been shown to react with a variety of warheads, especially Michael receptors.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biofilm Prevention and Therapy: Alternatives to Standard Antibiotics
In order to combat the global health crisis of escalating antibacterial resistance, guidelines on responsible antimicrobial stewardship are urgently required. Yet, currently there is no international consensus. Tackling discrepancies that may arise when implementing novel antibiotics is critical to their longevity of use. A wide range of antibiotics previously heavily used is no longer effective due to elevated minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) doses for treatment. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop effective way to prevent biofilm from forming as well as to carefully apply alternative therapies to standard antibiotic treatments.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections
Ginseng has been reported to inhibit bacterial pathways, thereby killing bacteria indirectly. It has also been shown to protect the host from bacterial invasion.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Antipsychotic-Induced Parkinsonism
Among neurological adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics (APs), drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is the most common motility disorder caused by drugs affecting dopamine receptors. One of the causes of DIP is the disruption of neurotransmitter interactions that regulate the signaling pathways of the dopaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, adenosinergic, endocannabinoid, and other neurotransmitter systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Lymphedema
Secondary lymphedema is a common complication of lymph node dissection or radiation therapy for cancer treatment. Conventional therapies such as compression sleeve therapy, complete decongestive physiotherapy, and surgical therapies decrease edema; they are not curative because they cannot modulate the pathophysiology of lymphedema.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin K2 and Alzheimer’s Disease
Recent studies have highlighted the importance of vitamin K2 (VK2) in human health. However, there have been no clinical studies investigating the role of VK2 in the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a debilitating disease for which currently there is no cure. In reviewing basic science research and clinical studies that have connected VK2 to factors involved in AD pathogenesis, we have found a growing body of evidence demonstrating that VK2 has the potential to slow the progression of AD and contribute to its prevention. In our review, we consider the antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects of VK2 and its impact on neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cognition, cardiovascular health, and comorbidities in AD. We also examine the link between dysbiosis and VK2 in the context of the microbiome’s role in AD pathogenesis.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
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