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Topic Review
Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test
The Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Color Vision test is a test of the human visual system often used to test for color blindness. The system was developed by Dean Farnsworth in the 1940s and it tests the ability to isolate and arrange minute differences in various color targets with constant value and chroma that cover all the visual hues described by the Munsell color system. There are several variations of the test, one featuring 100 color hues and one featuring 15 color hues. Originally taken in an analog environment with physical hue tiles, the test is now taken from computer consoles. An accurate quantification of color vision accuracy is particularly important to designers, photographers and colorists, who all rely on accurate color vision to produce quality content.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Coriandrum sativum L.
Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum), belonging to the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family, is widely recognized for its uses in culinary and traditional medicine. C. sativum contains various phytochemicals such as polyphenols, vitamins, and many phytosterols, which account for its properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and analgesic effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Spectroscopic Techniques for Dental Materials
The presented work focuses on the application of spectroscopic methods, such as Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray spectroscopy, and Mass Spectrometry (MS), which are widely employed in the investigation of the surface properties of dental materials.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Development of Analogs of Thalidomide
The development of analogs of thalidomide was precipitated by the discovery of the anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of the drug yielding a new way of fighting cancer as well as some inflammatory diseases after it had been banned in 1961. The problems with thalidomide included; teratogenic side effects, high incidence of other adverse reactions, poor solubility in water and poor absorption from the intestines. In 1998 thalidomide was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) under strict regulations. This has led to the development of a number of analogs with fewer side effects and increased potency which include lenalidomide, pomalidomide and apremilast, all of which are currently marketed and manufactured by Celgene.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Self-Assembling Peptide
Self-assembling peptides are biomedical materials with unique structures that are formed in response to various environmental conditions. Governed by their physicochemical characteristics, the peptides can form a variety of structures with greater reactivity than conventional non-biological materials. The structural divergence of self-assembling peptides allows for various functional possibilities; when assembled, they can be used as scaffolds for cell and tissue regeneration, and vehicles for drug delivery, conferring controlled release, stability, and targeting, and avoiding side effects of drugs. These peptides can also be used as drugs themselves.  We describe the self-assembling peptide sequences and resultant nanostructures used for disease treatments. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Gastroenterology/Endoscopy
Over time, machine learning (ML), a component of artificial intelligence (AI), has been implemented in a variety of medical specialties, such as radiology, pathology, gastroenterology, neurology, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, and orthopedics, with the goal of improving the quality of healthcare and medical diagnosis. In clinical gastroenterology practice, due to technological developments, estimates show that AI could have the ability to create a predictive model; for instance, it could develop an ML model that can stratify the risk in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, establish the existence of a specific gastrointestinal disease, define the best treatment, and offer prognosis and prediction of the therapeutic response. In this context, by applying ML or deep learning (DL) (AI using neural networks), clinical management in gastroenterology can begin to focus on more personalized treatment centered on the patient and based on making the best individual decisions, instead of relying mostly on guidelines developed for a specific condition. Moreover, the goal of implementing these AI-based algorithms is to increase the possibility of diagnosing a gastrointestinal disease at early stage or the ability to predict the development of a particular condition in advance. Because both AI and gastroenterology encompass many subdomains, the interaction between them might take on various forms. In recent years, we have witnessed a large explosion of research in attempts to improve various fields of gastroenterology, such as endoscopy, hepatology, inflammatory bowel diseases, and many others, with the aid of ML. We also note that, because of the requirement to diagnose more patients with gastrointestinal cancers at an early stage of the disease, which is associated with curative treatment and better prognosis, many studies were developed to address improvement of the detection of these tumors with the aid of AI. The term ML, introduced for the first time in 1959 by Arthur Samuel from the IBM company, refers to an IT domain whereby a computer system can acquire the ability to “learn” by using data without specific programming and can therefore develop a predictive mathematical algorithm based on input data, using recognition of “features”. The ML “model” is subsequently able to adapt to new situations in which it becomes able to predict and make decisions.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Quercetin
Quercetin (QRC) is a flavonoid belonging to a group of plant-derived nonsteroidal compounds called phytoestrogens. It is a polyphenol-based molecule and it is widely distributed in many vegetables, fruits, seed, grains, and also in tea and wine.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
N-back
The n-back task is a continuous performance task that is commonly used as an assessment in psychology and cognitive neuroscience to measure a part of working memory and working memory capacity. The n-back was introduced by Wayne Kirchner in 1958. Some researchers have argued that n-back training may increase IQ, but evidence is mixed.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Organoids and Aging
The biology of aging is focused on the identification of novel pathways that regulate the underlying processes of aging to develop interventions aimed at delaying the onset and progression of chronic diseases to extend lifespan. However, the research on the aging field has been conducted mainly in animal models, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and cell cultures. Thus, it is unclear to what extent this knowledge is transferable to humans since they might not reflect the complexity of aging in people. An organoid culture is an in vitro 3D cell-culture technology that reproduces the physiological and cellular composition of the tissues and/or organs. This technology is being used in the cancer field to predict the response of a patient-derived tumor to a certain drug or treatment serving as patient stratification and drug-guidance approaches. Modeling aging with patient-derived organoids has a tremendous potential as a preclinical model tool to discover new biomarkers of aging, to predict adverse outcomes during aging, and to design personalized approaches for the prevention and treatment of aging-related diseases and geriatric syndromes. This could represent a novel approach to study chronological and/or biological aging, paving the way to personalized interventions targeting the biology of aging.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Druggable genetic alterations in NSCLC
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death for malignancy worldwide. Its molecular profiling has enriched our understanding of cancer initiation and progression and has become fundamental to provide guidance on treatment with targeted therapies. Testing the presence of driver mutations in specific genes in lung tumors has thus radically changed the clinical management and outcomes of the disease. Numerous studies performed with traditional sequencing methods have investigated the occurrence of such mutations in lung cancer, and new insights regarding their frequency and clinical significance are continuously provided with the use of last generation sequencing technologies.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jan 2021
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