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Topic Review
Biological Activities of Thiophenes
Thiophenes represent a small family of natural metabolites featured by one to five thiophene rings. Numerous plant species belonging to the family Asteraceae commonly produce thiophenes. These metabolites possessed remarkable bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal, antioxidant, insecticidal, cytotoxic, and nematicidal properties.
  • 258
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Phenotypes of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
The link between endometriosis and adenomyosis has been suggested in theories that identified endometrial abnormalities in instances where both conditions coexist, particularly in patients with infertility. When—during the second half of the 19th century—the presence of epithelial cells on the peritoneal surface and within the myometrium was first identified, endometriosis (except for ovarian endometriomas) and adenomyosis were considered under the common name ‘adenomyoma’. Subsequently, in the 1920s, as they came to be regarded as separate entities, the terms adenomyosis and endometriosis gained wide acceptance. Interestingly, the term endometriosis also came to be used as an overarching term that encompasses instances where endometrial tissue is present outside the lining of the uterus. Adenomyosis came to be referred to as endometriosis interna to distinguish it from cases where the aberrant endometrium is present outside the uterus, which was referred to as endometriosis externa.
  • 142
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Anti-CD20 Antibodies in the Management of B-Cell Lymphomas
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the treatment of lymphomas by improving the survival of patients, particularly in conjunction with chemotherapy. Efforts to improve the on-targeting CD20 expressed on lymphomas through novel bioengineering techniques have led to the development of newer anti-CD20 mAbs that have accentuated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell medicated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and/or a direct killing effect.
  • 137
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
PD-L1 Immunohistochemical Expression and Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a highly aggressive type of skin cancer with a high mortality rate.
  • 232
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Integrated Diagnostics of Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are commonly detected in daily clinical practice, and their diagnosis and therapy usually involve different specialists and various diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Thyroid nodule management requires the integration of laboratory, imaging, and pathology examinations to achieve a proper diagnosis. It enables the elimination of unnecessary therapeutic procedures in many individuals and the timely identification of patients who require specific therapies. Furthermore, bioinformatics may change the current management of clinical data, enabling more personalized diagnostic approaches for patients with thyroid nodules.
  • 200
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Stem Cells as Therapeutics for Ischaemic Stroke
Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Current reperfusion treatments for ischaemic stroke are limited due to their narrow therapeutic window in rescuing ischaemic penumbra. Stem cell therapy offers a promising alternative. As a regenerative medicine, stem cells offer a wider range of treatment strategies, including long-term intervention for chronic patients, through the reparation and replacement of injured cells via mechanisms of differentiation and proliferation.
  • 217
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Anatomy of Pelvic Autonomic Nerve System
The pelvic autonomic nerve system is a complex network divided into three parts—the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. The enteric nervous system controls the functions of the gastrointestinal tract and is not associated with the autonomic innervation of the pelvis. Therefore, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve plexuses innervate the pelvic viscera. The superior hypogastric plexus (SHP), sympathetic trunk, hypogastric nerves (HNs), and most parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP) contribute to the sympathetic system of the pelvis.
  • 202
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Oral Chagas Disease in Colombia
Chagas disease (CD) remains endemic throughout many regions of Colombia despite implementing decades of vector control strategies in several departments. Some regions have had a significant decrease in vectorial transmission, but the oral ingestion of Trypanosoma cruzi through consumption of contaminated food and drink products is increasingly described. This form of transmission has important public health relevance in Colombia due to an increase in reported acute CD cases and clinical manifestations that often lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Oral CD in Colombia has been associated with the consumption of contaminated fruit juices, such as palm wine, sugar cane, or tangerine juice and water for consumption, or contaminated surfaces where food has been prepared. Another interesting route of oral transmission includes ingestion of unbeknownst infected armadillos’ blood, which is related to a traditional medicine practice in Colombia. Some earlier reports have also implemented consumption of infected bush meat as a source, but this is still being debated. Within the Amazon Basin, oral transmission is now considered the principal cause of acute CD in these regions.
  • 146
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Therapeutic Strategies in Children with Epilepsy
Children with epilepsy are affected by several factors, including clinical and social variables. Among these variables, cognitive decline and behavioral disturbances, perceptions of stigma, and fatigue can lead to reductions in quality of life (QOL). Epileptic activities, including seizure severity, frequent seizures, and status epilepticus (SE), have been identified as important predictors of QOL. In addition, the frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) on electroencephalogram (EEG) may also be an important predictor of QOL, because IEDs can lead to cognitive decline and behavioral disturbances. Moreover, frequent seizures and/or IEDs may play a role in emotional mediators, such as stigma and fatigue, in childhood epilepsy. Seizure severity and/or IEDs are, therefore, important QOL-related factors in childhood epilepsy. 
  • 246
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Therapies in Cardiovascular Diseases
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) represents a novel, fascinating therapeutic strategy that allows for selective reduction in the production of a specific protein through RNA interference. In the cardiovascular (CV) field, several siRNAs have been developed in the last decade. Inclisiran has been shown to significantly reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) circulating levels with a reassuring safety profile, also in older patients, by hampering proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) production. Olpasiran, directed against apolipoprotein(a) mRNA, prevents the assembly of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] particles, a lipoprotein linked to an increased risk of ischemic CV disease and heart valve damage. Patisiran, binding transthyretin (TTR) mRNA, has demonstrated an ability to improve heart failure and polyneuropathy in patients with TTR amyloidosis, even in older patients with wild-type form. Zilebesiran, designed to reduce angiotensinogen secretion, significantly decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP).
  • 223
  • 15 Jan 2024
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