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Topic Review
Imbalance of Essential Metals in Traumatic Brain Injury
Dysfunction of the complex cerebral networks underlying wakefulness and awareness is responsible for Disorders of Consciousness (DoC). Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a common cause of DoC, and it is responsible for a multi-dimensional pathological cascade that affects the proper functioning of the brainstem and brain consciousness pathways. Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) have a role in the neurophysiology of both the ascending reticular activating system, a multi-neurotransmitter network located in the brainstem that is crucial for consciousness, and several brain regions.
  • 283
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
HSP70 and Its Targeting in Onco-Hematological Diseases
The search for molecules to be targeted that are involved in apoptosis resistance/increased survival and pathogenesis of onco-hematological malignancies is ongoing since these diseases are still not completely understood. A good candidate has been identified in the Heat Shock Protein of 70kDa (HSP70), a molecule defined as “the most cytoprotective protein ever been described”. HSP70 is induced in response to a wide variety of physiological and environmental insults, allowing cells to survive lethal conditions. This molecular chaperone has been detected and studied in almost all the onco-hematological diseases and is also correlated to poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. 
  • 271
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fecal Markers of Inflammation in Pediatric Patients
Laboratory tests are an integral part of both the diagnostic and follow-up algorithm of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Their advantages over other non-invasive methods for assessing disease activity are greater objectivity than clinical activity indices and imaging studie.
  • 488
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Optimizing Outcomes in Flexible Ureteroscopy
Suction is an effective and safe technique that improves stone-free rates, reduces operative time and limits complication rates after flexible ureteroscopy (fURS). 
  • 354
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Allergy
Allergic inflammation is a type 2 immune disorder traditionally treated with epinephrine and glucorticosteroids in the short term. In extreme cases, current treatment options include the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting the pathological pathways of inflammation. However, this is impeded by the cost of production, host immunogenicity, safety, and the efficacy of these antibodies, and by their availability in developing countries. The use of purified monoclonal antibodies for treating severe allergic responses and the associated limitations are described. 
  • 450
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Use of Cardioprotective Devices and Strategies
Cardioprotective devices such as TandemHeart, Impella family devices, and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) have been proven to show significant cardioprotection through mechanical support. However, their use as interventional agents in the prevention of hemodynamic changes due to cardiac surgery or percutaneous interventions has been correlated with adverse effects. This can lead to a rebound increased risk of mortality in high-risk patients who undergo cardiac surgery. 
  • 411
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Stimulator of Interferon Genes Inhibitors
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a critical protein in the activation of the immune system in response to DNA. It can participate the inflammatory response process by modulating the inflammation-preferred translation program through the STING-PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-eIF2α pathway or by inducing the secretion of type I interferons (IFNs) and a variety of proinflammatory factors through the recruitment of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) or the regulation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. 
  • 354
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Parasitic Connection between COVID-19 and Diarylamidines
As emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants (Omicron) continue to outpace and negate combinatorial vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies targeting the spike protein (S) receptor binding domain (RBD), the appetite for developing similar COVID-19 treatments has significantly diminished, with the attention of the scientific community switching to long COVID treatments.
  • 446
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CircRNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a newly recognized group of noncoding RNA transcripts, have established widespread attention due to their regulatory role in cell signaling. They are covalently closed noncoding RNAs that form a loop, and are typically generated during the splicing of precursor RNAs. CircRNAs are key post-transcriptional and post-translational regulators of gene expression programs that might influence cellular response and/or function. In particular, circRNAs have been considered to function as sponges of specific miRNA, regulating cellular processes at the post-transcription stage. Accumulating evidence has shown that the aberrant expression of circRNAs could play a key role in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Notably, circRNAs, microRNAs, and several RNA-binding proteins, including the antiproliferative (APRO) family proteins, could be indispensable gene modulators, which might be strongly linked to the occurrence of diseases. In addition, circRNAs have attracted general interest for their stability, abundance in the brain, and their capability to cross the blood–brain barrier.
  • 354
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Enabled Strategies for the Treatment of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is acknowledged to be the major driver of cancer death attributable to treatment challenges and poor prognosis. Classical cancer treatment regimens, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, can be used to treat lung cancer, but the appended adverse effects limit them. Because of the numerous side effects associated with these treatment modalities, it is crucial to strive to develop novel and better strategies for managing lung cancer. Attributes such as enhanced bioavailability, better in vivo stability, intestinal absorption pattern, solubility, prolonged and targeted distribution, and the superior therapeutic effectiveness of numerous anticancer drugs have all been boosted with the emergence of nano-based therapeutic systems. Nano-based approaches are pioneering the route for primary and metastatic lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. 
  • 340
  • 21 Apr 2023
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