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Topic Review
Microbial Modulation of Bile Acid in Cardiovascular Disease
Bile acids represent a class of cholesterol derivatives that is essential for intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, plays an important role in cholesterol turnover and, as more recently discovered, acts as a group of signaling molecules that exerts hormonal functions throughout the body.
  • 245
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Deferiprone and the Maltol–Iron Complex
The historical insights and background of the discovery, development and clinical use of deferiprone (L1) and the maltol–iron complex, which were discovered over 40 years ago, highlight the difficulties, complexities and efforts in general orphan drug development programs originating from academic centers. Deferiprone is widely used for the removal of excess iron in the treatment of iron overload diseases, but also in many other diseases associated with iron toxicity, as well as the modulation of iron metabolism pathways. The maltol–iron complex is a recently approved drug used for increasing iron intake in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia, a condition affecting one-third to one-quarter of the world’s population. 
  • 262
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Patients with heart failure (HF) and associated chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a population less represented in clinical trials; additionally, subjects with more severe estimated glomerular filtration rate reduction are often excluded from large studies. In this setting, most of the data come from post hoc analyses and retrospective studies. Accordingly, in patients with advanced CKD, there are no specific studies evaluating the long-term effects of the traditional drugs commonly administered in HF. 
  • 181
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Translocation Disorders
Gut microbes are immunologically tolerated in the gastrointestinal tract but trigger aggressive immune responses upon translocation across the gut barrier. Although oral tolerance, a physiological process that dampens immune responses to food proteins and commensal microbiota, remains poorly defined, significant progress was made during and after the Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic in the 1980s and the discovery of regulatory T cells in 1995. Additional insight was gained after the discoveries of innate lymphoid cells in 2008 and the functional elucidation of mucosal mast cells.
  • 415
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
TP53 Alterations in MDS and AML
TP53 mutations are less frequent in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) than in solid tumors, except in secondary and therapy-related MDS/AMLs, and in cases with complex monosomal karyotype. As in solid tumors, missense mutations predominate, with the same hotspot mutated codons (particularly codons 175, 248, 273). As TP53-mutated MDS/AMLs are generally associated with complex chromosomal abnormalities, it is not always clear when TP53 mutations occur in the pathophysiological process.
  • 282
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Antiviral Activity of Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical that is largely produced by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) in cells. NO produced by upper epidermal cells contributes to the inactivation of viruses and bacteria contained in air or aerosols. In addition to enzymatic production, NO can be generated by the chemical reduction of inorganic nitrite (NO2−), an alternative mechanism for NO production in living organisms. Dietary vitamin C, largely contained in fruits and vegetables, can reduce the nitrite in saliva to produce NO in the oral cavity when chewing foods. In the stomach, salivary nitrite can also be reduced to NO by vitamin C secreted from the epidermal cells of the stomach. The strong acidic pH of gastric juice facilitates the chemical reduction of salivary nitrite to produce NO. It is evident that NO exhibits substantial antiviral activity against many types of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
  • 656
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cinnamon, Clove and Cumin against Urinary Tract Infections
Spices are aromatic plants widely used in Mexico to flavor, color, or preserve food. In particular, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Organization defined spices as: “whole, broken or ground aromatic vegetable substances, whose significant function in food is to flavor rather than to nourish”. Most of the beneficial health properties of spices are mediated through the direct action of their phytochemicals, especially polyphenols or polyphenol degradation products. These phytochemicals have broad antioxidant properties and target specific receptors or enzymes involved in various anti-inflammatory pathways or immune responses. Phenolic acids and flavonoids, especially flavones and flavonoids, are spices’ predominant class of polyphenols. Furthermore, the antimicrobial properties of spices are attributed to their unique volatile oils and oleoresins. Because spices are obtained from aromatic plants and herbs, they are generally considered safe (GRAS).
  • 23.7K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Influence of Polyphenols on Atherosclerosis Development
Polyphenols have attracted tremendous attention due to their pro-health properties, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and neuroprotective activities. Atherosclerosis is a vascular disorder underlying several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). One of the main risk factors causing atherosclerosis is the type and quality of food consumed. Therefore, polyphenols represent promising agents in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, as demonstrated by in vitro, animal, preclinical and clinical studies. However, most polyphenols cannot be absorbed directly by the small intestine. Gut microbiota play a crucial role in converting dietary polyphenols into absorbable bioactive substances. An increasing understanding of the field has confirmed that specific gut microbiota (GM) taxa strains mediate the gut microbiota–atherosclerosis axis.
  • 315
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
In Vitro Models for Anti-Aging Efficacy Assessment
The skin is the human body’s largest organ and serves as a crucial boundary between the body and the external environment. As a natural process, skin aging cannot be avoided, and it causes changes in the skin’s strength, structure, elasticity, and integrity. Many approaches have been developed over the years to study the skin, including in vivo and in vitro methods. Nevertheless, animal assays have ethical issues and a lack of reproducibility. Hence, in vitro skin models have been increasingly developed and used. For the assessment of the potential of the anti-aging activity of compounds of different origins, the most commonly used in vitro assays are the ones evaluating antioxidant, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammatory, antiglycation, or moisturizing activity, and the induction of skin cell proliferation/anti-senescence effects or the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase production.
  • 591
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Canthin-6-Ones
Chronic inflammatory disease (CID) is a category of medical conditions that causes recurrent inflammatory attacks in multiple tissues. The occurrence of CID is related to inappropriate immune responses to normal tissue substances and invading microbes due to many factors, such as defects in the immune system and imbalanced regulation of commensal microbes. Thus, effectively keeping the immune-associated cells and their products in check and inhibiting aberrant activation of the immune system is a key strategy for the management of CID. Canthin-6-ones are a subclass of β-carboline alkaloids isolated from a wide range of species. Several emerging studies based on in vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that canthin-6-ones may have potential therapeutic effects on many inflammatory diseases. 
  • 332
  • 28 Apr 2023
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