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Topic Review
Cutaneous Inflammation
Skin inflammation occurs as an immune response to various stimuli such as ultraviolet light, irritants, or any type of skin barrier injury. Finding safe and effective drugs to combat skin inflammation remains a research challenge.
  • 463
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Metals in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide (60–70% of cases), affecting over 55 million people. The role of metals in the pathogenesis of AD is still debated. Although previous research has linked changes in essential metal homeostasis and exposure to environmental heavy metals to the pathogenesis of AD, more research is needed to determine the relationship between metals and AD.
  • 288
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Insulin Metabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age. Its heterogeneous clinical presentation is characterized by hyperandrogenemia, reproductive changes, polycystic ovary morphology, and insulin resistance (IR). The primary pathophysiological process in its multifactorial etiology has not yet been identified. Although commonly proposed as an initial abnormality, IR is most often looked at in isolation, without the proper investigation of other essential steps in insulin metabolism. 
  • 371
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Glycyrrhizic Acid
Licorice, a natural medicine derived from the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza species, possesses a wide range of therapeutic applications, including antiviral properties. Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are the most important active ingredients in licorice. Glycyrrhetinic acid 3-O-mono-β-d-glucuronide (GAMG) is the active metabolite of GL. GL and its metabolites have a wide range of antiviral activities against viruses, such as, the hepatitis virus, herpes virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and so on.
  • 242
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of NREM Sleep Parasomnias
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep parasomnias mainly include confusional arousals (CA), sleep terrors (ST), and sleepwalking (SW), three clinical entities lumped together under the name of disorders of arousal (DoA).
  • 313
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Applications of Calendula officinalis
Calendula officinalis Linn. (CO) is a popular medicinal plant from the plant kingdom’s Asteraceae family that has been used for millennia. This plant contains flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, saponins, carotenoids, volatile oil, amino acids, steroids, sterols, and quinines. These chemical constituents confer multifaceted biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antihelminthic, antidiabetes, wound healing, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities. Additionally, it is employed in cases of certain burns and gastrointestinal, gynecological, ocular, and skin conditions. 
  • 592
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Drug Delivery Hurdles in Skin Cancer Treatment
Chemotherapy of skin cancer can be either oral, parenteral, or topical. In the first case, only a limited amount of the drug reaches the target site, while the rest reaches other organs, tissues, and cells, and can cause harmful side effects. The case is quite similar in parenteral application together with its invasiveness. Therefore, the local application on different skin cancer forms can gain in therapeutic efficacy and safety. The various types of gel formulations applied topically in the treatment of skin cancer was discussed. The most common gelling agents, their concentration and mechanism of action is also provided. The possibility to combine nanotechnology for improvement of drug loading and delivery by incorporation of nanoparticles into hydrogels is also evaluated. The main methods for gel characterization in the light of topical delivery of chemotherapeutics were summarized.
  • 377
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Buccal Mucosa for Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a heart muscle disease associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Pathologically, it is characterized by the gradual degeneration of cardiac myocytes (CMs) and their subsequent replacement by fat and fibrous tissue. The buccal mucosa can aid the diagnosis and understanding of this deadly disease.
  • 280
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Endocrine Disruptors, Phytoestrogens and Breast Cancer
An Endocrine Disruptor (ED) is defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as "an exogenous agent that interferes with synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism, binding action, or elimination of natural blood-borne hormones that are present in the body and are responsible for homeostasis, reproduction, and developmental process". Both estrogens and EDs, binding to estrogen receptors, elicit downstream gene activation and trigger intracellular signalling cascades in a variety of tissues, thus affecting reproductive health and hormonal dependent cancers risk. Endocrine disruptors are a group of highly heterogeneous molecules, grossly divided into synthetic and natural compounds (phytoestrogens).
  • 230
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a common genetic disorder in endocrinology, especially its milder clinical presentation, often caused by a partial or total deficiency of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme located in the adrenal cortex. CAH is characterized by the overproduction of androgen, along with variable degrees of cortisol and aldosterone deficiency. The age at diagnosis can provide some information about underlying mutations, with those diagnosed at birth/early infancy more likely to have severe enzymatic defects, which may include adrenal insufficiency, sexual development disorders, short stature in adulthood, hirsutism, and a higher risk for metabolic syndrome and infertility. Non-classic CAH, a milder form of CAH, is usually manifested later in life and is a common differential diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and should be actively evaluated during initial studies of clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism.
  • 573
  • 05 May 2023
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