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Topic Review
Blue Light and Eye Damage
Personal digital devices, emitting high-energy light, namely in the blue wavelength, have raised concerns about possible harmful effects on users’ eyes. Scientific research history has shown a relationship between exposure to blue light and changes in ocular structures.
  • 381
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Clonal Evolution Detected by Next-Generation Sequencing
Unlike with chemotherapy, which imparts a relatively short duration of selective pressure on acute myeloid leukemia clonal architecture, the immunological effect related to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is prolonged over time and must be overcome for relapse to occur. This means that not all molecular abnormalities detected after transplant always imply inevitable relapse. Therefore, transplant represents a critical setting where a measurable residual disease-based strategy, performed during post-transplant follow-up by highly sensitive methods such as next-generation sequencing, could optimize and improve treatment outcome.
  • 303
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Predictors for Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetic Foot Syndrome
Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is a complication associated with diabetes that has a strong negative impact, both medically and socio-economically.
  • 199
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Neurotensin and Neurotensin Receptors
The tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT) was isolated from the bovine hypothalamus. It is involved in gut motility and belongs to a family of bioactive peptides, including contulakin, xenopsin, LANT-6, and neuromedin, showing similar amino acid sequences at the C-terminal region; this sequence is essential for the physiological effects mediated by these peptides. Neurotensin is relevant in brain reward mechanisms. Its role in substance abuse needs to be explored in depth to open new therapeutic strategies.
  • 587
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Changes of Endothelial Glycocalyx in Cardiac Surgery
Cardiac surgery is one of the highest-risk procedures, usually involving cardiopulmonary bypass and commonly inducing endothelial injury that contributes to the development of perioperative and postoperative organ dysfunction. Substantial scientific efforts are being made to unravel the complex interaction of biomolecules involved in endothelial dysfunction to find new therapeutic targets and biomarkers and to develop therapeutic strategies to protect and restore the endothelium. 
  • 822
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenicity of Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections
A brief overview of biofilm formation and virulence factors contributing to enterococcus's pathogenicity in urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common causes of infections worldwide and can be caused by numerous uropathogens.
  • 337
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Electronegative LDL Act as a Multienzymatic Complex
Electronegative LDL (LDL(−)) is a minor form of LDL present in blood for which proportions are increased in pathologies with increased cardiovascular risk. In vitro studies have shown that LDL(−) presents pro-atherogenic properties, including a high susceptibility to aggregation, the ability to induce inflammation and apoptosis, and increased binding to arterial proteoglycans.
  • 312
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Indications and Mechanisms of Action in Biologics
The year 2022 witnessed the control of the COVID-19 pandemic in most countries through social and hygiene measures and also vaccination campaigns. It also saw a decrease in total approvals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Nevertheless, there was no fall in the Biologics class, which was boosted through the authorization of 15 novel molecules, thus maintaining the figures achieved in previous years. Indeed, the decrease in approvals was only for the category of small molecules. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) continued to be the drug class with the most approvals, and cancer remained the most targeted disease, followed by autoimmune conditions, as in previous years. Interestingly, the FDA gave the green light to a remarkable number of bispecific Biologics (four), the highest number in recent years. Indeed, 2022 was another year without the approval of an antimicrobial Biologic, although important advancements were made in targeting new diseases, which are discussed herein. This work analyzes the Biologics authorized in 2022. Furthermore, the orphan drugs authorized was considered. A quantitative analysis was applied to this year’s harvest, the efficacy of the Biologics with those authorized in previous years was compared. On the basis of their chemical structure, the Biologics addressed fall into the following classes: monoclonal antibodies; antibody-drug conjugates; and proteins/enzymes.
  • 355
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Factors Influencing Human Microbiota
The human microbiota embodies the whole population of microorganisms present in the human body and is mainly represented by the gut microbiota. Factors influencing the composition and activity of the gut microbiota can alter the balance that exists between the host and the microbiota by compromising its functions. 
  • 357
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Ontogeny of Central Nervous System Border-Associated Macrophages
Being immune privileged, the central nervous system (CNS) is populated by unique parenchymal and non-parenchymal tissue-resident macrophages, namely, microglia and border-associated macrophages (BAMs), respectively. BAMs are found in the choroid plexus, meningeal and perivascular spaces, playing critical roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis while being phenotypically and functionally distinct from microglial cells. Although the ontogeny of microglia has been largely determined, BAMs need comparable scrutiny as they have been discovered and have not been thoroughly explored. Shedding light on the molecular cues and drivers orchestrating BAM generation is essential for delineating their cellular identity. BAMs are receiving more attention since they are gradually incorporated into neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease evaluations. Understanding the ontogeny of BAMs and their involvement in CNS diseases paves the way for targeted therapeutic strategies and precision medicine.
  • 356
  • 17 May 2023
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