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Topic Review
Therapies Targeting Bruton Tyrosine Kinase for CLL
The development of inhibitors of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) has resulted in a paradigm shift in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Observations regarding the importance of B-cell receptor signalling for the survival and proliferation of CLL cells led to the development of the first-in-class BTK inhibitor (BTKi), ibrutinib, for the treatment of CLL. Despite being better tolerated than chemoimmunotherapy, ibrutinib does have side effects, some of which are due to the off-target inhibition of kinases other than BTK. As a result, more specific inhibitors of BTK were developed, such as acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, which have demonstrated equivalent/enhanced efficacy and improved tolerability in large randomized clinical trials. Despite the increased specificity for BTK, side effects and treatment resistance remain therapeutic challenges. As these drugs all bind covalently to BTK, an alternative approach was to develop noncovalent inhibitors of BTK, including pirtobrutinib and nemtabrutinib. The alternative mechanisms of BTK-binding of these agents has the potential to overcome resistance mutations, something that has been borne out in early clinical trial data.
  • 198
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of the Microbiome in Oral Mucositis
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and impactful toxicity of standard cancer therapy, affecting up to 80% of patients. Its aetiology centres on the initial destruction of epithelial cells and the increase in inflammatory signals. These changes in the oral mucosa create a hostile environment for resident microbes, with oral infections co-occurring with OM, especially at sites of ulceration. However, increasing evidence suggests that oral microbiome changes occur beyond opportunistic infection, with a growing appreciation for the potential role of the microbiome in OM development and severity.
  • 423
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Mood Stabilizers of  First and Second Generation
Mood stabilizers can be classified into two generations based on the chronology of their introduction into the psychiatric armamentarium. First-generation mood stabilizers (FGMS) such as lithium, valproates and carbamazepine were introduced in the years 1960-1970s. Second-generation mood stabilizers (SGMS) started in 1995, with a discovery of the mood-stabilizing properties of clozapine. The SGMS include atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, and risperidone as well as a new anticonvulsant drug, lamotrigine. Recently as a candidate for SGMS, a novel antipsychotic, lurasidone, has been suggested. Several other atypical antipsychotics and anticonvulsants, as well as memantine showed some usefulness in the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar disorder; however, they have not fully met the author’s criteria for mood stabilizers. 
  • 487
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoid-Containing Dietary Supplements for Micronutrient Deficiency
Micronutrient deficiencies related to vitamins and minerals currently affect more than two billion people globally. Understandably, the highest numbers are recorded in lower-income nations, but there is also a growing trend of these deficiencies in high-income countries such as the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. Environmental factors have greatly reduced the variety and the quantity of flavonoids in our daily diet, leading to potential deficiencies and deficiency-associated illnesses.
  • 347
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), especially deep learning (DL), have facilitated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data analysis, enabling AI-assisted medical image diagnoses and prognoses. However, most of the DL models are considered as “black boxes”. There is an unmet need to demystify DL models so domain experts can trust these high-performance DL models. This has resulted in a sub-domain of AI research called explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). 
  • 337
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Nano/Micromotors Based on Microbers
The bio-hybrid micro-nano motors/robots (BMNRs) use a variety of biological carriers, blending the benefits of artificial materials with the unique features of different biological carriers to create tailored functions for specific needs. Compared to cell-based MNRs, microbe-carrier micro-nano robots (MNRs) have very many unique properties. In contrast to most cell-based motors that require active actuation, the most important feature of microbe-based motors is their sensing and self-driving capabilities. Especially, they have good performance in the face of low Reynolds number environments. This is due in large part to the transverse wave that they generate during their movements. This property of converting chemical energy into flagellar-driven mechanical energy allows microbial-based MNRs to be designed with only the manipulation in mind and without the need to provide an additional power source. The most commonly used microbial-based MNRs today include bacterial and algal carriers.
  • 277
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Pre-Pregnancy Obesity on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism
A higher body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of maternal and perinatal complications.
  • 274
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Janus Particles
Janus particles have emerged as a novel and smart material that could improve pharmaceutical formulation, drug delivery, and theranostics. Janus particles have two distinct compartments that differ in functionality, physicochemical properties, and morphological characteristics, among other conventional particles.
  • 519
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Atopic Dermatitis in Latin America
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent condition in Latin America that can have a substantial impact on quality of life. Diagnosing AD is challenging due to broad clinical features and lack of universal diagnostic criteria. Furthermore, lack of physician training, barriers to access, and socioeconomic inequalities hinder effective disease management. Ethnoracial disparities in AD need to be addressed, as they may impact not only in the diagnosis, but also in severity scores which are relevant parameters for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic agents. 
  • 332
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of Smoking in the Pathogenesis of COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a high prevalence and is an important cause of hospitalization, disability, and mortality worldwide. The development and progression of COPD are characterized by airway inflammation and subsequent damage to the lung parenchyma. Prolonged exposure to particles and gases in cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for COPD development.
  • 428
  • 18 May 2023
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