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Topic Review
Procedures and Applications of Epidural and Intrathecal Injection
Epidural and intrathecal routes are the most effective drug administration methods for pain management in clinical and experimental medicine to achieve quick results, reduce required drug dosages, and overcome the adverse effects associated with the oral and parenteral routes. Beyond pain management with analgesics, the intrathecal route is more widely used for stem cell therapy, gene therapy, insulin delivery, protein therapy, and drug therapy with agonist, antagonist, or antibiotic drugs in experimental medicine
  • 440
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
The Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Cardiology
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have been increasingly used in cardiology to improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular diseases. AI-based image analysis algorithms can quickly and accurately detect abnormalities in medical images, and predictive models can analyze vast amounts of patient data to identify patterns and predict the likelihood of developing certain cardiovascular diseases.
  • 390
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Wood as Possible Renewable Material for Bone Implants
Bone fractures and bone defects affect millions of people every year. Metal implants for bone fracture fixation and autologous bone for defect reconstruction are used extensively in treatment of these pathologies. Simultaneously, alternative, sustainable, and biocompatible materials are being researched to improve existing practice. Wood as a biomaterial for bone repair has been considered.
  • 379
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19
Magnesium is an essential nutrient, also called an essential mineral or element. Magnesium is vastly important in all life, with vital roles for the healthy functioning of the human immune, metabolic, neurological, psychological, and heart and circulatory systems. Magnesium (Mg) status may have relevance for the outcome of COVID-19 and that Mg could be protective during the COVID disease course: (1) low magnesium status is associated with the severity of COVID-19 outcomes, including mortality, and with several disease-related neurological symptoms, including loss of memory, taste, and/or smell; (2) inhaled magnesium as a therapy may improve oxygen status; and (3) magnesium therapy, alone or in combination with zinc, may increase the effectiveness of anti-COVID-19 medications.
  • 426
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Unmet Goals of Pregnancy and Type 2 Diabetes
The increased frequency of type 2 diabetes worldwide has led to a concomitant increase in pregnancies complicated by type 2 diabetes This is mainly due to two factors: the earlier age of diabetes onset and the advanced age of pregnancy occurrence. Patients with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy show a high frequency of maternal and fetal complications, posing a series of problems in the follow-up of these women.
  • 340
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Supplementation and Exercise in Chronic Heart Failure
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is one of principal health problems in industrialized countries. Despite therapeutical improvement, based on drugs and exercise training, it is still characterized by elevated mortality and morbidity. Data show that protein energy malnutrition, clinically evident primarily with sarcopenia, is present in more than 50% of CHF patients and is an independent factor of CHF prognosis. Several pathophysiological mechanisms, primarily due to the increase in blood hypercatabolic molecules, have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Nutritional supplementation with proteins, amino acids, vitamins and antioxidants have all been used to treat malnutrition. However, the success and efficacy of these procedures are often contradictory and not conclusive. Exercise reduces mortality and increases functional capacity, although it also increases the catabolic state with energy expenditure and nitrogen-providing substrate needs.
  • 420
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Osteoarthritis Treatment Using Stem Cells for Regenerative Therapy
Articular cartilage has very low metabolic activity. While minor injuries may be spontaneously repaired within the joint by chondrocytes, there is very little chance of a severely impaired joint regenerating itself when damaged. Therefore, any significant joint injury has little chance of spontaneously healing without some type of therapy.
  • 303
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is an essential part of the cellular machinery responsible for maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. A network of proteins that comprises the proteolytic system and chaperones calculates cellular protein homeostasis. Chaperones are in charge of correcting protein misfolding, but the proteolytic system, which converges on the 26S proteasome, is in charge of removing damaged or unfolded proteins to maintain a healthy environment inside the cell. Using proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology for targeted protein degradation, a novel technique of treatment is emerging that stems from an aberrant expression of a protein that causes disease. PROTAC molecules are tiny, bifunctional molecules that bind an E3-ubiquitin ligase and a target protein at the same time, causing ubiquitination and proteasome destruction of the target protein.
  • 550
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Neuromuscular Ultrasound in Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness
Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is one of the most common causes of muscle atrophy and functional disability in critically ill intensive care patients. Clinical examination, manual muscle strength testing and monitoring are frequently hampered by sedation, delirium and cognitive impairment. Ultrasound is a broadly accepted, non-invasive, bedside-accessible diagnostic tool and well established in various clinical applications. Hereby, neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS), in particular, has been proven to be of significant diagnostic value in many different neuromuscular diseases. In ICUAW, NMUS has been shown to detect and monitor alterations of muscles and nerves, and might help to predict patient outcome.
  • 550
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Primary Chondroprogenitors: Standardized & Versatile Allogeneic Cytotherapeutics
Primary chondroprogenitors obtained from standardized cell sources (e.g., FE002 clinical grade cell sources) may be cultured in vitro and may be cytotherapeutically applied in allogeneic musculoskeletal regenerative medicine. Multicentric translational research on FE002 human primary chondroprogenitors under the Swiss progenitor cell transplantation program has notably validated their robustness and high versatility for therapeutic formulation in clinically compatible prototypes, as well as a good safety profile in diverse in vivo preclinical models. Therein, stringently controlled primary cell source establishment and extensive cell manufacturing optimization have technically confirmed the adequation of FE002 primary chondroprogenitors with standard industrial biotechnology workflows for consistent diploid cell biobanking under GMP. Laboratory characterization studies and extensive qualification work on FE002 progenitor cell sources have elucidated the key and critical attributes of the cellular materials of interest for potential and diversified human cytotherapeutic uses. Multiple formulation studies (i.e., hydrogel-based standardized transplants, polymeric-scaffold-based tissue engineering products) have shown the high versatility of FE002 primary chondroprogenitors, for the obtention of functional allogeneic cytotherapeutics. Multiple in vivo preclinical studies (e.g., rodent models, GLP goat model) have robustly documented the safety of FE002 primary chondroprogenitors following implantation. Clinically, FE002 primary chondroprogenitors may potentially be used in various forms for volumetric tissue replacement (e.g., treatment of large chondral/osteochondral defects of the knee) or for the local management of chondral affections and pathologies (i.e., injection use in mild to moderate osteoarthritis cases). Overall, standardized FE002 primary chondroprogenitors as investigated under the Swiss progenitor cell transplantation program were shown to constitute tangible contenders in novel human musculoskeletal regenerative medicine approaches, for versatile and safe allogeneic clinical cytotherapeutic management. 
  • 720
  • 22 May 2023
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