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Topic Review
Aberrant Expression of Immunohistochemical Markers
Malignant melanoma can rarely present with unusual staining patterns. This includes aberrant expression of non-melanocytic markers and/ or lack of expression of specific melanocytic markers. 
  • 715
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer in Molecular Landscape
Gastric cancers have been historically classified based on histomorphologic features. The Cancer Genome Atlas network reported the comprehensive identification of genetic alterations associated with gastric cancer, identifying four distinct subtypes— Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive, microsatellite-unstable/instability (MSI), genomically stable and chromosomal instability. In particular, EBV-positive and MSI gastric cancers seem responsive to novel immunotherapies drugs. The aim of this entry is to describe MSI and EBV positive gastric cancer’s subgroups and their relationship with novel immunotherapy.
  • 715
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota
A disturbed interaction between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system plays a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
  • 715
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
89Zr-PET Imaging Other than Immuno-PET
89Zr is an emerging radionuclide that plays an essential role in immuno‐positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Immuno‐PET combines the sensitivity of PET with the specificity of antibodies, and thus is useful for predicting the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy and antibody therapies, imaging target expression, detecting target‐expressing tumors, and the monitoring of anti‐cancer chemotherapies. PET using 89Zr is not confined to antibody imaging. In this review, we discuss 89Zr‐PET applications other than immuno‐PET.
  • 715
  • 22 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Skeletal Fluorosis
Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive fluoride consumption. High concentrations of fluoride in the environment and drinking water are major causes, and patients with skeletal fluorosis mainly present with symptoms of osteosclerosis, osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes in joint cartilage. Etiologies for skeletal fluorosis have been established, but the specific pathogenesis is inconclusive. Currently, active osteogenesis and accelerated bone turnover are considered critical processes in the progression of skeletal fluorosis. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies in fields of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Hedgehog, parathyroid hone, and insulin signaling pathways), stress pathways (oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways), epigenetics (DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs), and their inter-regulation involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis.
  • 714
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Allergy to Fungi in Veterinary Medicine
The fungal kingdom comprises ubiquitous forms of life with 1.5 billion years, mostly phytopathogenic and commensals for humans and animals. However, in the presence of immune disorders, fungi may cause disease by intoxicating, infecting or sensitizing with allergy. Species from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus and Malassezia, as well as dermatophytes from the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, are the most commonly implicated in veterinary medicine. 
  • 714
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Community-Acquired Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an issue of increasing importance worldwide. Community-acquired antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CA-ARE) are of particular concern because of the risks they pose to human health and the variety of drivers that promote their spread. Community-acquired refers to the mechanism of AMR spread, which is in the community rather than clinical settings. Enterobacteriaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial misuse in clinical settings and food animal production is amplified by environmental contamination and persistence in the community, resulting in the spread of CA-ARE. Because the factors contributing to the proliferation of CA-ARE are multifaceted and interconnected, it is critical to use a One Health framework, which focuses on the interfaces between humans, animals, and the environment, to address this issue. This approach will help future collaborations between stakeholders in the animal, environmental, and human health sectors incorporate multidisciplinary aims to be more successful in mitigating the spread of CA-ARE and antimicrobial resistance in general. 
  • 714
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Limbic Encephalitis
Limbic encephalitis (LE) is a rare cause of encephalitis presenting as an acute and subacute onset of neuropsychiatric manifestations, particularly with memory deficits and confusion as core features, along with seizure occurrence, movement disorders, or autonomic dysfunctions.
  • 714
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cytokines in Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune dermatosis of which the pathogenesis remains scarcely known. A wide variety of clinical studies have been proposed to investigate the immune mediators which have shown the most recurrency.
  • 714
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Dermatophytoses
Dermatophytoses affect about 25% of the world population, and the filamentous fungus Trichophyton rubrum is the main causative agent of this group of diseases. Dermatomycoses are caused by pathogenic fungi that generally trigger superficial infections and that feed on keratinized substrates such as skin, hair, and nails. However, there are an increasing number of reports describing dermatophytes that invade deep layers such as the dermis and hypodermis and that can cause deep infections in diabetic and immunocompromised patients, as well as in individuals with immunodeficiency. Despite the high incidence and importance of dermatophytes in clinical mycology, the diagnosis of this type of infection is not always accurate. The conventional methods most commonly used for mycological diagnosis are based on the identification of microbiological and biochemical features.
  • 713
  • 08 Dec 2020
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