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Topic Review
Nutritional Value of Bee Pollen
Bee pollen (BP)’s richness in nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, oligo-elements, and unsaturated fatty acids, is certain, along with the fact that it provides a moderate calorie intake as well as a good level of tolerance and safety, except for in the case of allergic reactions or external pollution, which remain manageable and predictable.
  • 540
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Galectin-3 in Viral Infection
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes, including immune responses, inflammation, and cancer progression.
  • 332
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Solute Carrier Transporters in Glioma Pathology
Solute carriers (SLCs) are the largest family of transmembrane transporters (consisting of 439 proteins without the pseudogenes), which are divided into 65 subfamilies (60 of which have been identified in the brain). They play a crucial role in exchanging different substances such as nutrients, ions, metabolites, as well as drugs through biological membranes. Most SLCs share the same protein structure consisting of 12 presumed transmembrane segments with molecular mass ranging between 50 to 100 kDa.
  • 199
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of CRC is a complex multistep process. Among other factors, inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) have been reported to be involved in the initiation and development of CRC. Although OS plays a vital part in the life of all organisms, its long-term effects on the human body may be involved in the development of different chronic diseases, including cancer diseases. Chronic OS can lead to the oxidation of biomolecules (nucleic acids, lipids and proteins) or the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, resulting in the activation of several transcription factors or the dysregulation of gene and protein expression followed by tumor initiation or cancer cell survival. In addition, it is well known that chronic intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are associated with an increased risk of cancer, and a link between OS and IBD initiation and progression has been reported. 
  • 330
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Difficulties in Kinship Analysis in Armed Conflicts
Regarding human identification in armed conflicts, various complications can be observed. Usually, such difficulties can be social-related, which can include the lack of access to the relative’s genetic material, or the unwillingness of administrative and judicial authorities to participate in the process of identification. In the case of genetics, the analysis allows identifying the individual from a blood sample, a part of an organ, or from skeletal remains, which is why it is considered a much more extensive and effective method when compared with fingerprint techniques or odontology. However, several factors can prevent this identification, such as considerably degraded genetic material. For successful identification, it is mandatory to have access to antemortem biological samples unequivocally attributed to the individual in question, using recombinant nuclear markers, as well as using biological samples from close relatives, whether parents or sons. Nevertheless, the problems associated with armed conflicts make this type of study very difficult.
  • 407
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer. While advancements in systemic targeted therapies and immunotherapies have greatly improved melanoma survival, tumor resistance can limit the efficacy of these therapies. Targeting redox homeostasis in melanoma progression is a promising therapeutic approach, especially in cases of melanoma drug resistance. The role of oxidative stress in melanoma is paradoxical in that it promotes tumor initiation but prevents vertical growth and metastasis. As the disease progresses, melanoma employs adaptive mechanisms to decrease oxidative stress in the tumor environment. Thus, agents with antioxidant properties may have the greatest utility in chemoprevention whereas those with pro-oxidant properties may be better suited for treatment.
  • 340
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Stress-Induced Osteosarcopenic Obesity
Osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO), otherwise known as “osteosarcopenic adiposity”, is a syndrome which clinical phenotype combines impairments in the structure and function of a patient’s bones, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue. The etymology of the first term originates from three Greek words (osteo- meaning bone-, sarco- meaning flesh, and penia- meaning deficiency). In contrast, the second term has a Latin origin. Chronic stress, i.e., prolonged impairment of homeostasis, results in the coexistence of bone loss (osteoporosis); sarcopenia/dynapenia (decreased muscle performance); and increased adiposity, either as overt, BMI-defined overweight/obesity or because of tissue accumulation and organ infiltration with fat (liver, skeletal muscle, and bone). This condition is becoming more prevalent in aging populations.
  • 217
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Impacts of COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused widespread morbidity and mortality since its emergence. The COVID-19 pandemic has become widespread and known as a pathology of the respiratory system, affecting the ciliary epithelium at an early stage. In severe cases, COVID-19 can lead to development of lung disease: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A variety of extrapulmonary symptoms may also occur, including acute renal failure (AKI); acute heart failure; coagulopathy; thromboembolic complications, including stroke and pulmonary embolism; and circulatory shock. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus remains a global public health concern due to the systemic nature of the infection and its long-term consequences, many of which remain to be elucidated. SARS-CoV-2 targets endothelial cells and blood vessels, altering the tissue microenvironment, its secretion, immune-cell subpopulations, the extracellular matrix, and the molecular composition and mechanical properties.
  • 377
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Humanized Mice in Oncology
While chemotherapies remain the mainstay treatments for many cancers, the advent of new molecular techniques has opened doors for more targeted modalities towards cancer cells. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in treating cancer, adverse side effects related to excessive inflammation are often reported. There is a lack of clinically relevant animal models to probe the human immune response towards ICI-based interventions. Humanized mouse models have emerged as valuable tools for pre-clinical research to evaluate the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy. 
  • 541
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Clinical Features in Humans
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans.
  • 370
  • 05 Jun 2023
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