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Topic Review
Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles
Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles produced by healthy as well as diseased cells. Their proteic, lipidic and nucleic acid composition is related to the cell of origin, and by vehiculating bioactive molecules they are involved in cell-to-cell signaling, both in healthy and pathologic conditions. Being nano-sized, non-toxic, biocompatible, scarcely immunogenic, and possessing targeting ability and organotropism, exosomes have been proposed as nanocarriers for their potential application in diagnosis and therapy. Among the different techniques exploited for exosome isolation, the sequential ultracentrifugation/ultrafiltration method seems to be the gold standard; alternatively, commercially available kits for exosome selective precipitation from cell culture media are frequently employed. To load a drug or a detectable agent into exosomes, endogenous or exogenous loading approaches have been developed, while surface engineering procedures, such as click chemistry, hydrophobic insertion and exosome display technology, allow for obtaining actively targeted exosomes. 
  • 722
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Upper-Limb Physical Rehabilitation with Techology
The use of videogames and motion capture systems in physical rehabilitation contributes to the recovery of the patient, for this reason, there is a tendency to continue generating proposals that face the challenges of rehabilitation with technologies that offer precision and care coverage, and that, additionally, integrate elements that promote the motivation and participation of the patient.
  • 722
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Spheroid Formation and Peritoneal Metastasis in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common gynecological cancers, with the worst prognosis and the highest mortality rate. Peritoneal dissemination (or carcinomatosis) accompanied by ascites formation is the most unfavorable factor in the progression and recurrence of OC. Tumor cells in ascites are present as either separate cells or, more often, as cell aggregates, i.e., spheroids which promote implantation on the surface of nearby organs and, at later stages, metastases to distant organs.
  • 722
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intervention Strategies Using Antimicrobial Peptides
The emergence of multidrug-resistant H. pylori poses a public healthcare threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Recently, the World Health Organization has classified clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori as high priority in the research and discovery of novel antibiotics. This study was aimed to systematically review the prevalence of primary antibiotic resistance in H. pylori in Southeast Asian countries (SEAC) and to review current studies of antimicrobial peptides against H. pylori. We systematically searched through electronic databases of studies conducted on antimicrobial resistance of H. pylori in SEA countries. Furthermore, we searched articles that conducted studies on antimicrobial peptides, naturally occurring host’s defense molecules, against H. pylori. After a series of screening processes, 15 studies were included in our systematic review. Our analysis revealed that primary resistance of H. pylori to metronidazole, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin were high in SEAC, although the primary resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline remains low. Multidrug-resistant H. pylori are emerging in SE Asian countries. The antimicrobial peptides show promising antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against drug-resistant H. pylori. The research and discovery of antimicrobial peptides against H. pylori in SEAC will help in limiting the spread of antimicrobial resistance of H. pylori. 
  • 722
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity can be defined as the ability of the nervous system to modify its structure on the basis of different environmental changes and stimulation.
  • 721
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Type I IFNs in Long-Haul COVID Syndrome
Interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines originally identified for their antiviral activity. IFN-α and IFN-β are both type I IFNs that have been used to treat neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Microglia, astrocytes, as well as neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including spinal cord neurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons, express type I IFN receptors (IFNARs). Type I IFNs play an active role in regulating cognition, aging, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, by suppressing neuronal activity and synaptic transmission, IFN-α and IFN-β produced potent analgesia.
  • 721
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Pathways Involved in the Regulation of BCBM
Brain metastasis is one of the major reasons of death in breast cancer (BC) patients, significantly affecting the quality of life, physical activity, and interdependence on several individuals. The tendency to develop breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) differs by the BC subtype, varying from almost half with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (HER2− ER− PR−), one-third with HER2+ (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, and around one-tenth with luminal subclass (ER+ (estrogen positive) or PR+ (progesterone positive)) breast cancer. 
  • 721
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Implantation-Based Genetic Modeling of BTC
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is often refractory to conventional therapeutics and is difficult to diagnose in the early stages. Implantation-based models have recently drawn attention for their convenience, flexibility, and scalability. 
  • 721
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Human Radiosensitivity, Radiosusceptibility and Radiodegeneration
The individual response to ionizing radiation may show several clinical features such as skin burns, cancers or cataracts, according the tissue type, the genetic status or the dose. To avoid any confusion with a non-univocal way of using the term “radiosensitivity”, we have proposed the following definitions :  - “Radiosensitivity is the proneness to the radiation-induced adverse tissue events generally attributable to cell death that is correlated with unrepaired DNA damage.  -“Radiosusceptibilty” is the proneness to the radiation-induced cancers generally attributable to cell transformation that is correlated with misrepaired DNA damage. -"Radiodegeneration" is the proneness to radiation-induced non-cancer effects attributable to mechanisms related to accelerated aging that is correlated with the accumulation of tolerated unrepaired DNA damage.
  • 723
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Bone Regeneration
Bone regeneration is a complex process that is influenced by tissue interactions, inflammatory responses, and progenitor cells.
  • 721
  • 13 May 2021
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