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Topic Review
Tobacco Smoking Causes Carcinogenesis
Cigarette smoking has a significant impact on public health. In addition to the well-known role in several cancers, and for this reason identified as a group one carcinogen by the IARC classification, it has been linked to an increased disability rate and to several chronic conditions as cardiovascular, pneumological, endocrine, periodontal, or musculoskeletal diseases and, more in general, to 10 years reduced life expectancy.
  • 320
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Trace Minerals and Anxiety
Anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear or avoidance of perceived threats. Diet is a modifiable risk factor that may contribute to the pathogenesis or treatment of anxiety, depending on diet quality. Trace mineral treatments for the relief of anxiety have been investigated.
  • 753
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Curcumin as a Chemosensitizer in Conventional Chemotherapy
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) was used for thousands of years in traditional Indian and Eastern Asian medicine. Its cultivation in the Middle East was documented since the 18th century BC in the gardens of Babylon, well before its transfer to Africa, mainly through Arabic influences. To reverse multidrug resistance, curcuminoids can be used in combination with many other drugs as chemosensitizer in cancer chemotherapy.
  • 511
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Acorus tatarinowii Schott
Acorus tatarinowii Schott (A. tatarinowii) is a natural medicinal plant. It plays an indispensable role in the treatment of diseases by the empirical medicine system and has achieved remarkable curative effects.
  • 625
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
The management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is based on symptom severity and includes various types of targeted therapies, including rituximab, obinutuzumab, ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, idelalisib, and venetoclax. These therapies rely on the recognition of specific peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)  on the surface of tumor cells by T cells, leading to an immune response. The therapeutic landscape for CLL is diverse and encompasses multiple therapeutic options, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem-cell transplantation. There are several FDA-approved targeted therapies for CLL, including rituximab, ibrutinib, idelalisib, venetoclax, and acalabrutinib. Despite their high efficacy, the complex biology of CLL allows malignant cells to develop resistance mechanisms to these targeted therapies.
  • 217
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Drug Coated Balloons Characteristics according to Antiproliferative Drugs
Drug coated balloons (DCBs) are indicated in guidelines as a first choice option in the management of instant restenosis, whereas their use in de novo lesions is still debated. The concerns raised after the contrasting results of the initial trials with DCBs in de novo lesions have been overcome by a larger amount of data confirming their safety and effectiveness as compared to drug-eluting stents (DES), with potentially greater benefits being achieved, especially in particular anatomical settings, as in very small or large vessels and bifurcations, but also in selected subsets of higher-risk patients, where a ‘leave nothing behind’ strategy could offer a reduction of the inflammatory stimulus and thrombotic risk.
  • 313
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics in Adult and Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are systemic immune-mediated conditions with predilection for the gastrointestinal tract and include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Genomic and transcriptomic studies contributed substantially to our understanding of the immunopathological pathways involved in disease initiation and progression. However, eventual genomic alterations do not necessarily translate into the final clinical picture. Proteomics represent a missing link between the genome, transcriptome, and phenotypical presentation of the disease. Based on the analysis of a large spectrum of proteins in tissues, it seems to be a promising method for the identification of new biomarkers.
  • 261
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Chemical Structure and Biological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols
Several thousand molecules with a polyphenol structure (i.e., several hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings) have been identified in higher plants, and several hundred are found in edible plants. These molecules are secondary metabolites of plants and are generally involved in defending against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens. These compounds may be classified into different groups as a function of the number of phenol rings that they contain, and of the structural elements that bind these rings to one another. Distinctions are thus made between phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans. The flavonoids, which share a common structure consisting of two aromatic rings (A and B) that are bound together by three carbon atoms that form an oxygenated heterocycle (ring C), may themselves be divided into six subclasses as a function of the type of heterocycle involved: flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, antho-cyanidins, and flavanols (catechins and proanthocyanidins). In addition to this diversity, polyphenols may be associated with various carbohydrates and organic acids, and with one another.
  • 296
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Vitiligo
Vitiligo is an acquired, chronic condition characterised by depigmentation of the epidermis or by destruction/loss of melanin. Skin cells (melanocytes) are responsible for producing melanin, the substance that gives pigmentation to the skin. Although there is no specific ethnic group, gender, or skin type that is more prone to vitiligo than others, it can affect anyone. Even though vitiligo is typically thought of as a cosmetic disorder, its effects on the physical and psychosocial health of sufferers cannot be ignored.
  • 380
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Primary Care for Oral Health
The International Dental Federation (IDF) defines oral health as “multi-faceted and included the ability to speak, smile, smell, taste, touch, chew, swallow and convey a range of emotions through facial expressions with confidence and without pain, discomfort, and craniofacial complex diseases”. The IDF definition integrates oral health with general health, demonstrating that it affects overall health and well-being. Therefore, increasing awareness about the different dimensions of oral health and how they change over time empowers people by recognizing that values, perceptions, and expectations influence its outcomes.
  • 308
  • 09 Jun 2023
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