Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Gustavo Fernandes
 -- 1397 2023-06-08 14:28:39 |
2 Format correct
Wendy Huang
 Meta information modification 1397 2023-06-09 12:21:05 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Veiga, N.; Figueiredo, R.; Correia, P.; Lopes, P.; Couto, P.; Fernandes, G.V.O. Primary Care for Oral Health. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45348 (accessed on 12 May 2024).
Veiga N, Figueiredo R, Correia P, Lopes P, Couto P, Fernandes GVO. Primary Care for Oral Health. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45348. Accessed May 12, 2024.
Veiga, Nélio, Ricardo Figueiredo, Patrícia Correia, Pedro Lopes, Patrícia Couto, Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes. "Primary Care for Oral Health" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45348 (accessed May 12, 2024).
Veiga, N., Figueiredo, R., Correia, P., Lopes, P., Couto, P., & Fernandes, G.V.O. (2023, June 08). Primary Care for Oral Health. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45348
Veiga, Nélio, et al. "Primary Care for Oral Health." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 June, 2023.
Primary Care for Oral Health
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/healthcare11111635

The International Dental Federation (IDF) defines oral health as “multi-faceted and included the ability to speak, smile, smell, taste, touch, chew, swallow and convey a range of emotions through facial expressions with confidence and without pain, discomfort, and craniofacial complex diseases”. The IDF definition integrates oral health with general health, demonstrating that it affects overall health and well-being. Therefore, increasing awareness about the different dimensions of oral health and how they change over time empowers people by recognizing that values, perceptions, and expectations influence its outcomes.

primary prevention adult oral health dental caries

1. Introduction

The concept of oral health was extended with the addition of the feeling of well-being after the World Health Organization (WHO) expanded the definition of health by encompassing social well-being. Since then, oral health has been considered to also contribute to general well-being, not just the absence of pathologies. Everyday activities such as eating, talking, smiling, and contributing to society are included in a person’s well-being. Therefore, oral health is currently understood to be an integral part of overall health and well-being [1].
A paradigm shift has occurred regarding health, disease causation, and healthcare delivery in medicine and dentistry. The medical model has been replaced by the socio-environmental model of health, which assumes health status as the capacity for optimal functioning and social and psychological well-being. Thus, oral health is a comfortable and functional dentition allowing individuals to continue in their desired social role [2]. The primary responsibility for maintaining oral health lies with the individual or their caretakers, which must be achieved through effective, evidence-based self-care. Still, public health policy support, education, professional monitoring, and therapeutic interventions are necessary. Self-care becomes more effective when individuals have oral health literacy and thus demand a functional and aesthetically appealing dentition. Dentistry, therefore, has a vital role in promoting strategies and methods of primary prevention of dental caries for improving and maintaining oral health [3].

2. Dental Caries

Dental caries is the most prominent oral health problem affecting most adults, including in industrialized countries. The prevalence of dental caries in permanent dentition in Portugal has been decreasing significantly, as reported by national studies, reaching very satisfactory levels, particularly in individuals who benefit from the activities developed under the National Program for Oral Health Promotion (Programa Nacional de Promoção da Saúde Oral, PNPSO) [4][5].
The WHO’s global oral health assessment shows that while there has been a significant improvement in many countries, untreated dental caries is still a significant global burden: “The current pattern, within dental caries and periodontal disease, reflects the different risk profiles in different countries (the living conditions, lifestyles, and environmental factors) and, in particular, the result of the implementation of oral health promotion programs” [6][7]. One significant challenge today is the unmet treatment needs of adult patients, indicating limited access to dental care and insufficient primary prevention efforts. Therefore, the adult population still experiences significant complications due to untreated caries. Thus, more measures must be adopted by the NHS, as well as by health entities and professional organizations, to minimize the prevalence of dental caries in the world, particularly in Portugal [8].
Developing preventive interventions at the primary prevention level can lead to potentially sustainable normative support for oral hygiene, locally tailored and targeted approaches, and ongoing positive changes in specific oral health practices. Such interventions can reduce the short- and long-term psychosocial and economic costs associated with disabling oral health problems and help prevent the exacerbation of chronic and disabling diseases [9][10][11]. Nowadays, there are high-standard treatments for untreated caries [12], but this may negatively affect the NHS and patients either from a health or from an economic point of view [13].
Currently, primary prevention strategies should consider models of behavioral change and patient empowerment linking oral health to a healthy lifestyle, considering the following parameters: capacity, opportunity, motivation, the feeling of appreciation, behavior, and patient-centered strategies. Moreover, the current health perspective includes a holistic, global, and integrative approach in a predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory vision. The biggest challenge for community oral health is to promote proactive strategies in adult patients. Therefore, collaboration work and stakeholder networking will be the key to success. This requires the effective use of education strategies [14][15][16][17][18].

3. Primary Health Care and Its Promotion

The concept of primary health care was defined at the Alma-Ata conference in 1978. Primary care for oral health is an integral part of primary health care. In 1984, the European WHO Discussion Document [19] defined health promotion as follows: health promotion involves the population as a whole, in the context of their daily lives, as opposed to focusing on people at risk of specific diseases; it is directed towards action on the determinants or causes of health; it combines diverse but complementary methods or approaches; it aims at particularly effective and concrete public participation; and health professionals have an important role in sustaining and enabling health promotion [19][20].
Health promotion programs are effective if based on a holistic perspective of health, empowering citizens to manage their health, promoting equitable access to information, and leading to the adoption of healthy lifestyles [21]. Thus, several primary prevention methods applicable to oral health can be developed among adults, including behavioral factors, such as regular tooth brushing, dental flossing, a balanced diet, and regular dental checkups. These factors significantly reduce the risk of oral disease [22][23][24]. Currently, there is a paradigm shift in the treatment of dental caries, advocating a preventive approach, resulting in the conservation of dental structure [25][26].
There are two primary clinical preventive strategies for reducing the risk of dental caries: topical fluoride application and fissure sealant application. Topical fluoride application is a more effective method on smooth tooth surfaces, while pit and fissure sealants are used successfully on the occlusal tooth surface [27][28][29][30]. Pit and fissure sealants prevent oral bacteria and carbohydrates, from the diet, from accumulating in the cavities and fissures and developing an acidic environment essential for developing the dental caries process. One advantage of pit and fissure sealant application is related to the fact that this is an easy technique without the need for local anesthesia [23]. Due to their liquid and fluid consistency, sealants flow over the irregular surface of grooves and fissures, filling all the porosities present, sealing the regions that retain bacterial plaque and, as a result, preventing and/or delaying the appearance of occlusal dental caries. On the other hand, pit and fissure sealants are mainly characterized by their fluoride-releasing action [31][32][33][34].
Another approach to prevent caries is the use of xylitol. It has been used since the early 1960s in the diet of diabetic patients and, most recently, as a sweetener in products aimed at improved oral health [35][36]. Xylitol disrupts the energy production processes of mutans streptococci, leading to a futile energy consumption cycle and cell death. Moreover, it reduces plaque formation and bacterial adherence and inhibits enamel demineralization [37]. The first xylitol studies in humans showed the relationship between dental plaque and xylitol and the safety of xylitol for consumption [38]. The first chewing gum developed with the aim of reducing caries and improving oral health was released in Finland in 1975 [23]. Since then there have been various products introduced and sold over the counter and applied professionally worldwide. It has demonstrated to be an effective strategy as a self-applied caries preventive agent [35], and the recommended dose for dental caries prevention is 6–10 g/daily [39].

4. Fluoride Therapy

Fluoride has played an essential role in protecting enamel. Therefore, the relationship between fluoride and demineralization reduction is log-linear [40][41]. Evidence shows that fluoride is more effective than calcium [42] and can be found in various forms and concentrations, such as toothpaste, mouthwashes, gels, and varnishes [43]. Evidence reports that fluoride toothpaste (1000 to 1500 ppm) effectively reduces dental caries rates [44]. A systematic literature review [45] showed that fluoride toothpaste (1000 to 1250 ppm fluoride) was more effective than non-fluoride toothpaste in reducing dental caries rates. Fluoride mouthwash typically has 0.05% sodium fluoride, corresponding to a solution with approximately 230 ppm of fluoride [46]. In turn, fluoride varnishes have 5% sodium fluoride (22,600 ppm) as the active agent and can be used to prevent dental caries [47][48][49][50][51]. Fluoride varnish treatments effectively stop the progression of tooth demineralization, reducing dental caries significantly by approximately 50% to 70% in dental pits and fissures. Their effectiveness is even greater on interproximal surfaces. The beneficial effect of varnishes on permanent teeth is thus recognized [52][53][54]. Patients at high risk of dental caries, namely patients with xerostomia, and elderly patients at risk of root caries, may benefit from boosters to improve the remineralizing and preventive efficacy of fluoride [55][56].

References

  1. Baiju, R.M.; Peter, E.; Varghese, N.O.; Sivaram, R. Oral Health and Quality of Life: Current Concepts. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2017, 11, ZE21–ZE26.
  2. Garvey, G.; Cunningham, J.; He, V.Y.; Janda, M.; Baade, P.; Sabesan, S.; Martin, J.H.; Fay, M.; Adams, J.; Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan, S.; et al. Health-related quality of life among Indigenous Australians diagnosed with cancer. Qual. Life Res. 2016, 25, 1999–2008.
  3. Birch, S.; Bridgman, C.; Brocklehurst, P.; Ellwood, R.; Gomez, J.; Helgeson, M.; Ismail, A.; Macey, R.; Mariotti, A.; Twetman, S.; et al. Prevention in practice-a summary. BMC Oral. Health 2015, 15 (Suppl. S1), S12.
  4. Ministry of Health; General Direction of Health. National Health Promotion Program; General Direction of Health: Lisbon, Portugal, 2019. Available online: https://www.omd.pt/content/uploads/2019/07/pnp-saude-oral-2019.pdf (accessed on 12 February 2020).
  5. Oral Health Barometer, 5th ed.; Portuguese Dental Association: Porto, Portugal, 2019; Available online: https://www.omd.pt/content/uploads/2019/11/barometro-saude-oral-2019.pdf (accessed on 12 February 2020).
  6. Dispatch No. 8861-A/2018. Official Journals, 2nd Series-n. 180-September 18. 2018. Available online: https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/116432978 (accessed on 12 February 2020).
  7. Dispatch No. 8591-A/2016. National Official Journals, 2nd Series-n. 125-July 1. 2016. Available online: https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/74843526 (accessed on 12 February 2020).
  8. Lawal, F.; Alade, O. Dental caries experience and treatment needs of an adult female population in Nigeria. Afr. Health Sci. 2017, 17, 905–911.
  9. Siddika, F.; Khan MS, R.; Bao, R.J.; Sheng, M.W. Managing White Spot Lesion During and After the Orthodontic Treatment. J. Pak. Dent. Assoc. 2018, 27, 1–8.
  10. Schensul, J.; Reisine, S.; Grady, J.; Li, J. Improving Oral Health in Older Adults and People with Disabilities: Protocol for a Community-Based Clinical Trial (Good Oral Health). JMIR Res. Protoc. 2019, 8, e14555.
  11. Friedman, C.; Rigby, M. Conceptualising and creating a global learning health system. Int. J. Med. Inform. 2013, 82, e63–e71.
  12. Paolone, G.; Scolavino, S.; Gherlone, E.; Spagnuolo, G. Direct Esthetic Composite Restorations in Anterior Teeth: Managing Symmetry Strategies. Symmetry 2021, 13, 797.
  13. Radnaabaatar, M.; Kim, Y.-E.; Go, D.-S.; Jung, Y.; Jung, J.; Yoon, S.-J. Burden of dental caries and periodontal disease in South Korea: An analysis using the national health insurance claims database. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol 2019, 47, 513–519.
  14. Hescot, P.; China, E.; Bourgeois, D.; Maina, S.; da Silva, O.M.; Eiselé, J.L.; Simpson, C.; Horn, V. The FDI African Strategy for oral health: Addressing the specific needs of the continent. Int. Dent. J. 2013, 63, 113–120.
  15. Chapple, I.L.; Bouchard, P.; Cagetti, M.G.; Campus, G.; Carra, M.C.; Cocco, F.; Nibali, L.; Hujoel, P.; Laine, M.L.; Lingstrom, P.; et al. Interaction of lifestyle, behaviour or systemic diseases with dental caries and periodontal diseases: Consensus report of group 2 of the joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2017, 44 (Suppl. S18), S39–S51.
  16. Hujoel, P.P.; Lingström, P. Nutrition, dental caries and periodontal disease: A narrative review. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2017, 44 (Suppl. S18), S79–S84.
  17. Rugg-Gunn, A. Dental Caries: Strategies to control this preventable disease. Acta Med. Acad. 2013, 42, 117–130.
  18. Donato, H.; Donato, M. Etapas na Condução de uma Revisão Sistemática. Acta Med. Port. 2019, 32, 227–235.
  19. Honkala, E. Primary Oral Health Care. Med. Princ. Pract. 2014, 23 (Suppl. S1), 17–23.
  20. Honkala, E. Dental Health Habits of Finnish Adolescents. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland, 1984; p. 73.
  21. Kumar, S.; Preetha, G.S. Health Promotion: An Effective Tool for Global Health. Indian J. Community Med. 2012, 37, 5–12.
  22. Harris, R.; Raison, H.; Christian, B.; Bakare, L.; Okwundu, C.I.; Burnside, G. Interventions for improving adults’ use of primary oral health care services. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017, 28, CD012771.
  23. Hassan, A.M.; Mohammed, S.G. Effectiveness of Seven Types of Sealants: Retention after One Year. Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 2019, 12, 96–100.
  24. Prabhakar, A.; Dahake, P.; Raju, O.; Basappa, N. Fluoride: Is it worth to be added in pit and fissure sealants? Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 2012, 5, 1–5.
  25. Bhushan, U.; Goswami, M. Evaluation of retention of pit and fissure sealants placed with and without air abrasion pretreatment in 6-8 year old children-an in vivo study. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 2017, 9, e211–e217.
  26. Chi, D.L.; van der Goes, D.N.; Ney, J.P. Cost-effectiveness of pit-and-fissure sealants on primary molars in medicaid-enrolled children. Am. J. Public Health 2014, 104, 555–561.
  27. Pushpalatha, H.M.; Ravichandra, K.S.; Srikanth, K.; Divya, G.; Done, V.; Krishna, K.B.; Patil, V. Comparative evaluation of Shear bond strength of different Pit and fissure Sealants in Primary and Permanent teeth-An In-Vitro Study. J. Int. Oral. Health 2014, 6, 84–89.
  28. Beauchamp, J.; Caufield, P.; Crall, J.; Donly, K.; Feigal, R.; Gooch, B.; Ismail, A.; Kohn, W.; Siegal, M.; Simonsen, R. Evidence-based clinical recommendations for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants: A report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2008, 139, 257–268.
  29. Petersson, H.G.; Ericson, E.; Twetman, S. Preventive care delivered within Public Dental Service after caries risk assessment of young adults. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2016, 14, 215–219.
  30. Griffin, S.O.; Oong, E.; Kohn, W.; Vidakovic, B.; Gooch, B.F.; Bader, J.; Clarkson, J.; Fontana, M.R.; Meyer, D.M.; Rozier, R.G.; et al. The effectiveness of sealants in managing caries lesions. J. Dent. Res. 2008, 87, 169–174.
  31. Santini, A.; Gallegos, I.T.; Felix, C.M. Photoinitiators in dentistry: A review. Prim. Dent. J. 2013, 2, 30–33.
  32. Hiiri, A.; Ahovuo-Saloranta, A.; Nordblad, A.; Mäkelä, M. Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010, 11, CD003067.
  33. Simonsen, R.J. From prevention to therapy: Minimal intervention with sealants and resin restorative materials. J. Dent. 2011, 39 (Suppl. S2), S27–S33.
  34. Mickenautsch, S.; Yengopal, V. Validity of sealant retention as surrogate for caries prevention-a systematic review. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e77103.
  35. Janakiram, C.; Kumar, C.V.D.; Joseph, J. Xylitol in preventing dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analyses. J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med. 2017, 8, 16–21.
  36. Mühlemann, H.R.; Regolati, B.; Marthaler, T.M. The effect on rat fissure caries of xylitol and sorbitol. Helv. Odontol. Acta 1970, 14, 48–50.
  37. Trahan, L.; Mouton, C. Selection for Streptococcus mutans with an altered xylitol transport capacity in chronic xylitol consumers. J. Dent. Res. 1987, 66, 982–988.
  38. Scheinin, A.; Mäkinen, K.K.; Tammisalo, E.; Rekola, M. Turku sugar studies XVIII. Incidence of dental caries in relation to 1-year consumption of xylitol chewing gum. Acta Odontol. Scand. 1975, 33, 269–278.
  39. Nayak, P.A.; Nayak, U.A.; Khandelwal, V. The effect of xylitol on dental caries and oral flora. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent. 2014, 6, 89–94.
  40. Mohammed, N.R.; Lynch, R.J.M.; Anderson, P. Effects of fluoride concentration on enamel demineralization kinetics in vitro. J. Dent. 2014, 42, 613–618.
  41. Xiang, C.; Ran, J.; Yang, Q.; Li, W.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, L. Effects of enamel matrix derivative on remineralisation of initial enamel carious lesions in vitro. Arch. Oral Biol. 2013, 58, 362–369.
  42. Zini, A.; Krivoroutski, Y.; Vered, Y. Primary prevention of dental erosion by calcium and fluoride: A systematic review. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2014, 12, 17–24.
  43. Tschoppe, P.; Meyer-Lueckel, H. Mineral distribution of artificial dentinal caries lesions after treatment with fluoride agents in combination with saliva substitutes. Arch. Oral Biol. 2011, 56, 775–784.
  44. Giacaman, R.A.; Muñoz-Sandoval, C.; Neuhaus, K.W.; Fontana, M.; Chałas, R. Evidence-based strategies for the minimally invasive treatment of carious lesions: Review of the literature. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 2018, 27, 1009–1016.
  45. Marinho, V.C.C.; Higgins, J.P.T.; Logan, S.; Sheiham, A. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003, 2016, CD002278.
  46. Arruda, A.O.M.S.; Richter, A. White-Spot Lesions in Orthodontics: Incidence and Prevention. In Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries; InTech Open: Rijeka, Croatia, 2012.
  47. Carey, C.M. Focus on fluorides: Update on the use of fluoride for the prevention of dental caries. J. Evid.-Based Dent. Pract. 2014, 14, 95–102.
  48. Carvalho, T.S.; Bönecker, M.; Altenburger, M.J.; Buzalaf, M.A.R.; Sampaio, F.C.; Lussi, A. Fluoride varnishes containing calcium glycerophosphate: Fluoride uptake and the effect on in vitro enamel erosion. Clin. Oral Investig. 2015, 19, 1429–1436.
  49. Perrini, F.; Lombardo, L.; Arreghini, A.; Medori, S.; Siciliani, G. Caries prevention during orthodontic treatment: In-vivo assessment of high-fluoride varnish to prevent white spot lesions. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2016, 149, 238–243.
  50. Geurink, K. Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist; W.B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2002.
  51. Chedid, S.J.; Cury, J.A. Effect of 0.02% NaF solution on enamel demineralization and fluoride uptake by deciduous teeth in vitro. Bra. Oral Res. 2004, 18, 1.
  52. Cury, J.A.; Oliveira, B.H.; Santos, A.P.P.; Tenuta, L.M.A. Are fluoride releasing dental materials clinically effective on caries control? Dent. Mater. 2016, 32, 323–333.
  53. Restrepo, M.; Bussaneli, D.G.; Jeremias, F.; Cordeiro, R.C.L.; Magalhães, A.C.; Palomari Spolidorio, D.M.; Santos-Pinto, L. Control of white spot lesion adjacent to orthodontic bracket with use of fluoride varnish or chlorhexidine gel. Sci. World J. 2015, 2015, 218452.
  54. Demito, C.F.; da Costa, J.V.; Fracasso, M.L.C.; Ramos, A.L. Efficacy of fluoride associated with nano-hydroxyapatite in reducing enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets: In situ study. Dental. Press J. Orthod. 2019, 24, 48–55.
  55. Fontana, M. Enhancing fluoride: Clinical human studies of alternatives or boosters for caries management. Caries Res. 2016, 50, 22–37.
  56. Takeshita, E.M.; Danelon, M.; Castro, L.P.; Cunha, R.F.; Delbem, A.C. Remineralizing Potential of a Low Fluoride Toothpaste with Sodium Trimetaphosphate: An in situ Study. Caries Res. 2016, 50, 571–578.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Nélio Veiga
,
Ricardo Figueiredo
,
Patrícia Correia
,
Pedro Lopes
,
Patrícia Couto
,
Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes
View Times: 224
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 09 Jun 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback