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Topic Review
Vaginal Anomalies
Vaginal anomalies are abnormal structures that are formed (or not formed) during the prenatal development of the female reproductive system and are rare congenital defects that result in an abnormal or absent vagina. When present, they are often found with uterine, skeletal and urinary abnormalities. This is because these structures, like the vagina, are most susceptible to disruption during crucial times of organ-genesis. Many of these defects are classified under the broader term Müllerian duct anomalies. Müllerian duct anomalies are caused by a disturbance during the embryonic time of genitourinary development. The other isolated incidents of vaginal anomalies can occur with no apparent cause. Oftentimes vaginal anomalies are part of a cluster of defects or syndromes. In addition, inheritance can play a part as can prenatal exposure to some teratogens. Many vaginal anomalies are not detected at birth because the external genitalia appear to be normal. Other organs of the reproductive system may not be affected by an abnormality of the vagina. The uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries can be functional despite the presence of a defect of the vagina and external genitalia. A vaginal anomaly may not affect fertility. Though it depends on the extent of the vaginal defect, it is possible for conception to occur. In instances where a functional ovary exists, IVF may be successful. Functioning ovaries in a woman with a vaginal defect allows the implantation of a fertilized ovum into the uterus of an unaffected gestational carrier, usually another human. A successful conception and can occur. Vaginal length varies from 6.5 to 12.5 cm. Since this is slightly shorter than older descriptions, it may impact the diagnosis of women with vaginal agenesis or hypoplasia who may unnecessarily be encouraged to undergo treatment to increase the size of the vagina. Vaginal anomalies may cause difficulties in urination, conception, pregnancy, impair sex. Psychosocial effects can also exist.
  • 728
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondria Exchanges within the tumor
In this review, we focus on how CAFs participate in cancer progression by modulating cancer cells metabolic functions and mitochondrial apoptosis.Resistance of solid cancer cells to chemotherapies and targeted therapies is not only due to the mutational status of cancer cells but also to the concurring of stromal cells of the tumor ecosystem, such as immune cells, vasculature and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The reciprocal education of cancer cells and CAFs favors tumor growth, survival and invasion. Mitochondrial function control, including the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress and apoptotic stress are crucial for these different tumor progression steps. In this review, we focus on how CAFs participate in cancer progression by modulating cancer cells metabolic functions and mitochondrial apoptosis.
  • 728
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Krill Oil
Krill (Euphausia superba) is a small marine crustacean from the Antarctic Ocean that plays an important role in the marine ecosystem, serving as feed for most fish. It is a known source of highly bioavailable omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). In preclinical studies, krill oil showed metabolic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and chemo preventive effects, while in clinical trials it showed significant metabolic, vascular and ergogenic actions. Solvent extraction is the most conventional method to obtain krill oil. However, different solvents must be used to extract all lipids from krill because of the diversity of the polarities of the lipid compounds in the biomass.
  • 728
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cisplatin
Cisplatin, also referred to as cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP), is a widely used, Pt-based anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agent. This transition metal coordination complex has a square planar molecular geometry and presents as a solid, yellow powder at room temperature. CDDP is fairly insoluble in most substances; however, it can be dissolved in dimethylformamide, and is somewhat soluble in water, but most preferable in saline sodium. In solid form, CDDP is stable for about two years if stored at room temperature in dry conditions and light protected; however, it is known to convert slowly to its trans-form. The stability of CDDP in sodium chloride solution is dependent on the chloride ion concentration; it is more stable when suspended in normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride). Saline also provides a reno-protective function, increasing hydration and aiding in excretion of CDDP from the kidneys.
  • 728
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
JAK inhibitors and immune system
The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is aberrantly activated in many malignancies. Inhibition of this pathway via JAK inhibitors (JAKinibs) is therefore an attractive therapeutic strategy underlined by Ruxolitinib (JAK1/2 inhibitor) being approved for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms. As a consequence of the crucial role of the JAK-STAT pathway in the regulation of immune responses, inhibition of JAKs suppresses the immune system. This review article provides a thorough overview of the current knowledge on JAKinibs’ effects on immune cells in the context of hematological malignancies. We also discuss the potential use of JAKinibs for the treatment of diseases in which lymphocytes are the source of the malignancy.
  • 728
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Statin Treatment in the Elderly
Ample evidence supports the use of statin therapy for secondary prevention in patients with a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), but evidence is wanting in the case of primary prevention, low-risk individuals, and elderly adults 65+. The efficacy of statins can be contrasted for distinct subsets of patients based on age, diabetes, ASCVD, and coronary artery calcium (CAC) status. Most cardiovascular risk calculators heavily weight age and overestimate one’s absolute risk of ASCVD, particularly in very old adults. Improvements in risk assessment will enable the identification of specific patient populations that benefit most from statin treatment. Derisking is particularly important for adults over 75, in whom treatment benefits are reduced and adverse musculoskeletal effects are amplified. The CAC score stratifies the benefit effect size obtainable with statins, and CAC > 100 can be regarded as a significant patient benefit group. Robust biomarkers, improved risk estimator tools, and personalized, evidence-based approaches are needed to optimally reduce cardiovascular events and mortality rates through administration of cholesterol-lowering medications.
  • 728
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cytoskeletal Filaments in Coronaviridae
The cytoskeleton is an intricate network of filaments running through the cytoplasm that helps cells to maintain their shape and internal organization. Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 are intimately involved in cytoskeleton-related physiological and pathological processes. The discovery of the exact mechanisms of the subversion of host cells by SARS-CoV-2 is critical to the validation of specific drug targets and effective treatments.
  • 728
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Peptide Libraries with Antimicrobial Activity
Authors describe how by coupling emerging in silico and experimental tools it is possible to create novel peptide libraries with potential antimicrobial activity. This is in response to the growing public health concern pose by multiresistant microbial strains that take millions of lives annually on a global scale. The in silico tools include emerging artificial intelligence algorithms that allow searching for novel sequences in extremely large databases. Once identified, the required membrane activity can be estimated by looking at the interactions with model lipid bilayers via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Experimentally, the sequences can be expressed on the surface of yeasts by the surface display technology and subsequently screened in a high-throughput manner aided by microfluidic systems capable of separating out the most active peptides by precisely monitoring changes in optical properties in-line and real-time. 
  • 728
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Oral Lichen Planus
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease. The etiology of OLP is still unknown, but it is believed to be associated with a cell-mediated immune dysregulation.
  • 727
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition and Healthy Aging
Nutritinal well-being is a fundamental aspect for the health, autonomy and therefore the quality of life of all people, but expecially of the elderly. Old patients are particularly at risk of malnutrition, due to the multiple etiopathogenetic factors which can lead to a reduction in intake of nutrients, a progressive loss of functinal autonomy with dependence on food, psychological problems related to economic or social isolation, e.g. linked to poverty or loneliness. Gasteointestinal changes in aging involve motor function and therefore intestinal transit, mechanical breackdown of food and his chemical digestion. These alterations progressively lead to the reducede ability to supply the body with adequate quantities of nutrients, with the consequent  development of malnutrition.
  • 727
  • 06 Dec 2021
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