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Topic Review
Macrocyclic Receptors
An important direction in the design of tetrapyrrole macrocyclic receptors for a certain substrate type is modification of the macrocycle periphery with bulky substituents or molecular fragments of different natures. Bulky highly-branched lateral substituents are capable of forming additional complexing cavities that can be used for identification and selective binding of substrates of a certain type.
  • 734
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Role of ALDH2 in Cardiovascular Disease Management
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a cardioprotective enzyme that catalyzes the bio-activation of GTN to NO. Nitrate tolerance is accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic activation, as well as a loss of the catalytic activity of ALDH2 itself. On the basis of current knowledge, nitrate intake in the diet would guarantee a concentration of NO such as to avoid (or at least reduce) treatment with GTN and the consequent onset of nitrate tolerance in the course of cardiovascular diseases, so as not to make necessary the increase in GTN concentrations and the possible inhibition/alteration of ALDH2, which aggravates the problem of a positive feedback mechanism. 
  • 733
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Foods for Plant-Based Diets
Plant-based diets include foods predominantly from plants (fruits, vegetables, nuts, oil, whole grains, and legumes) but can also contain small quantities of food derived from animals. The vegetarian diet may include eggs, dairy and honey, while the vegan diet does not include any food or derivatives of animal origin.
  • 734
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Macrophages in Atherosclerosis Development
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic disease that has a prominent inflammatory component. Currently, atherosclerosis is regarded as an active autoimmune process that involves both innate and adaptive immune pathways. One of the drivers of this process is the presence of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL). For instance, lipoprotein oxidation leads to the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes (OSE) that can be recognized by the immune cells. Macrophage response to OSEs is recognized as a key trigger for initiation and a stimulator of progression of the inflammatory process in the arteries. At the same time, the role of oxidized LDL components is not limited to pro-inflammatory stimulation, but includes immunoregulatory effects that can have protective functions. 
  • 734
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review Video
Tissue Engineering in Liver Regenerative Medicine
Organ and tissue shortage are known as a crucially important public health problem as unfortunately a small percentage of patients receive transplants. Liver tissue engineering (TE) enables us to reproduce and restore liver functions, fully or partially, which could be used in the treatment of acute or chronic liver disorders and/or generate an appropriate functional organ which can be transplanted or employed as an extracorporeal device.
  • 734
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Therapies for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a five-year survival rate of less than 8%. It can be classed into endocrine and exocrine tumours with PDAC, a form of exocrine pancreatic cancer, the most common form. The high mortality rate associated with PDAC is primarily due to delayed diagnosis and tumour resistance to chemotherapy. A broad range of non-specific symptoms are associated with PDAC such as abdominal pain, jaundice, dry/itchy skin, steatorrhoea, and bilirubinuria. Surgery is the primary treatment option, with chemotherapy being administered as adjuvant therapy in select cases.  Resistance to chemotherapy has become a critical problem in the treatment of PDAC, with most patients displaying resistance patterns. 
  • 733
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Non-IgE-Mediated Gastrointestinal Food Protein-Induced Allergic Disorders
Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy (non-IgE-GI-FA) is the name given to a series of pathologies whose main entities are food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP), food protein-induced enteropathy (FPE), and food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). These are more uncommon than IgE-mediated food allergies, their mechanisms remain largely unknown, and their diagnosis is mainly done by clinical history, due to the lack of specific biomarkers. 
  • 733
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Blood Transfusion Reactions
Blood transfusions have been the cornerstone of life support since the introduction of the ABO classification in the 20th century. The physiologic goal is to restore adequate tissue oxygenation when the demand exceeds the offer. Although it can be a life-saving therapy, blood transfusions can lead to serious adverse effects, and it is essential that physicians remain up to date with the current literature and are aware of the pathophysiology, initial management and risks of each type of transfusion reaction. 
  • 733
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Cardiorenal Syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a multi-organ disease characterized by the complex interaction between heart and kidney during acute or chronic injury. The pathogenesis of CRS involves metabolic, hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and inflammatory mechanisms, and atherosclerotic degeneration. In the process of better understanding the bi-directional pathophysiological aspects of CRS, the need to find precise and easy-to-use markers has also evolved.
  • 733
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
SWI/SNF Inactivation in Disease
Mammalian SWI/SNF (SWitch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) complexes are ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers. Many SWI/SNF members, such as ARID1A and SMARCA4, have emerged among the most frequently mutated genes in certain diseases, especially cancer. Overall, the SWI/SNF complex is the most mutated chromatin remodeling complex across multiple cancers, highlighting its central role in tumorigenesis.
  • 733
  • 22 Apr 2021
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