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Topic Review
Animal Prion Diseases
Prion is defined as a “proteinaceous infectious particle” consisting exclusively of a single protein without the involvement of nucleic acids that causes spongiform encephalopathies in mammals. Prion diseases are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal isoforms of PrP glycoprotein.
  • 742
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Perivascular Adipose Tissue
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a special type of ectopic fat depot that adheres to most vasculatures. PVAT has been shown to exert anticontractile effects on the blood vessels and confers protective effects against metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. PVAT plays a critical role in vascular homeostasis via secreting adipokine, hormones, and growth factors. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; also known as NOS3 or NOSIII) is well-known for its role in the generation of vasoprotective nitric oxide (NO). eNOS is primarily expressed, but not exclusively, in endothelial cells, while studies have identified its expression in both adipocytes and endothelial cells of PVAT. PVAT eNOS is an important player in the protective role of PVAT.
  • 740
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Anterior Open Bite Treatment with Skeletal Anchorage
Anterior open bite (AOB) is still one of the most difficult and demanding clinical problems. This malocclusion relies on a reduction in the vertical relationship between the incisal edges of the upper and lower incisors.
  • 741
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Advanced DDS for Delivering Anti-VEGF Agents
The treatment of posterior segment eye diseases is challenging due to the complex anatomy of the eye, which limits the effective delivery of medications. Conventional treatments such as topical eye drops and intravitreal injections have poor bioavailability and short residence time, requiring frequent dosing. Biodegradable nano-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) offer a potential solution to these limitations, with longer residence time in ocular tissues and better penetration through ocular barriers. These DDSs use biodegradable polymers that are nanosized, reducing the risk of toxicity and adverse reactions.
  • 745
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a cluster C personality disorder marked by an excessive need for orderliness, neatness, and perfectionism. Symptoms are usually present by the time a person reaches adulthood, and are visible in a variety of situations. The cause of OCPD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors, namely problems with attachment. This is a distinct disorder from obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and the relation between the two is contentious. Some studies have found high comorbidity rates between the two disorders but others have shown little comorbidity. Both disorders may share outside similarities—rigid and ritual-like behaviors, for example. Attitudes toward these behaviors differ between people affected with either of the disorders: for people with OCD, these behaviors are egodystonic, unwanted and involuntary, being the product of anxiety-inducing and involuntary thoughts. On the other hand, for people with OCPD, they are egosyntonic; the person perceives them as rational and wanted, being the result of, for example, strong adherence to routines, a desire for control, or a need for perfection. OCPD is highly comorbid with other personality disorders, autism spectrum, eating disorders, anxiety, mood disorders, and substance use disorders. The disorder is the most common personality disorder in the United States, and is diagnosed twice as often in males as in females, however, there is evidence to suggest the prevalence between men and women is equal.
  • 741
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/AHR-nuclear translocator (ARNT) system is a sensitive sensor for small molecular, xenobiotic chemicals of exogenous and endogenous origin, including dioxins, phytochemicals, microbial bioproducts, and tryptophan photoproducts. AHR/ARNT are abundantly expressed in the skin. Once activated, the AHR/ARNT axis strengthens skin barrier functions and accelerates epidermal terminal differentiation by upregulating filaggrin expression. In addition, AHR activation induces oxidative stress. However, some AHR ligands simultaneously activate the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) transcription factor, which is a master switch of antioxidative enzymes that neutralizes oxidative stress. 
  • 741
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease is a public health problem and is one of the leading causes of loss of quality of life, disability, and death worldwide. A widely used therapeutic option for the treatment of coronary disease worldwide is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). A CABG seems to be very beneficial for patients, since in addition to the positive quality of life results, other studies indicate that it positively influences the occurrence of depression [30], can lead to the disappearance of symptoms for around 15 years, decreases death resulting from other causes, reduces hospital admission, and reduces death due to cardiovascular factors.
  • 741
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Functional Dyspepsia
Functional dyspepsia is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning. The pathophysiology of the disease is not fully elucidated and there is no permanent cure, although some therapies (drugs or herbal remedies) try to reduce the symptoms.
  • 741
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Remediation of Antineoplastic Drugs
The global burden of cancer is on the rise, and as a result, the number of therapeuticsadministered for chemotherapy is increasing. The occupational exposure, recalcitrant nature andecotoxicological toxicity of these therapeutics, referred to as antineoplastic (ANP) drugs, have raisedconcerns about their safe remediation. This review provides an overview of the environmental sourceof ANPs agents, with emphasis on the currently used remediation approaches. Outpatient excreta,hospital euents, and waste from pharmaceutical industries are the primary source of ANP waste.The current review describes various biotic and abiotic methods used in the remediation of ANPdrugs in the environment. Abiotic methods often generate transformation products (TPs) of unknowntoxicity. In this light, obtaining data on the environmental toxicity of ANPs and its TPs is crucial todetermine their toxic e ect on the ecosystem. We also discuss the biodegradation of ANP drugs usingmonoculture of fungal and bacterial species, and microbial consortia in sewage treatment plants.The current review e ort further explores a safe and sustainable approach for ANP waste treatmentto replace existing chemical and oxidation intensive treatment approaches. To conclude, we assessthe possibility of integrating biotic and abiotic methods of ANP drug degradation.
  • 741
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in CKD
Oxidative stress is important in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Many pathways and molecules are involved in the induction of oxidative stress in DN. The identification of biomarkers of oxidative stress contibutes to our understanding of development and progression of DN towards end-stage reanal disease.
  • 740
  • 06 Nov 2020
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