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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
The Effects of Diets on the “Gut–Brain” Pathways
With depression becoming increasingly prevalent, being closely associated with stress, and many patients exhibiting resistance to current treatments, depression pathophysiology requires further elucidation. Recent research has shown complex bidirectional links between the brain and the gut, and the gut microbiota and the influence of diet is beginning to provide new clues to the complex nature of this disorder. It is well known that diet is a key modulator of gut microbial composition. In humans, good quality plant-based diets such as the Mediterranean diet have been shown to reduce pathogenic bacteria in the gut, increase Bifidobacterium and Clostridium, as well as lower the risk of depression, while poorer quality diets such as the Western diet have been shown to reduce Lactobacillus in the gut, reduce overall gut microbial diversity and have been associated with increased depression risk. Evaluating the effects of diets on the brain-to-gut and gut-to-brain mechanisms in animal models of stress and depression may aid in the elucidation of the pathophysiology of depression and may provide novel therapeutic approaches. 
  • 758
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Hormone Therapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer and the second deadliest cancer among men in the United States, which is mainly due to metastatic disease. In general, surgery or radiation is potentially a curative treatment for localized disease. Since PCa is characterized as a typical androgen-dependent disease, hormone therapy (i.e., androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)) is the most effective therapy to control metastatic disease. However, almost all patients eventually develop castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) within 12 to 18 months, with a median survival of 14 to 26 months. Nowadays, new anti-androgens (Enzalutamide or Abiraterone), radiotherapy (Radium-223) or immunotherapy (sipuleucel-T) have been approved for metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) patients to prolong the overall survival. Inevitably, mCRPC further acquires resistance and becomes therapy- and castration-resistant PCa (t-CRPC), which is considered as an end-stage disease without effective therapy, and on which new therapeutic strategies have been actively explored.
  • 758
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Antibody-Based Immunotherapy for Metastatic Melanoma
Melanoma is the least common form of skin cancer and is associated with the highest mortality. Where melanoma is mostly unresponsive to conventional therapies (e.g., chemotherapy), BRAF inhibitor treatment has shown improved therapeutic outcomes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on a light-activated compound to produce death-inducing amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Their capacity to selectively accumulate in tumor cells has been confirmed in melanoma treatment with some encouraging results. However, this treatment approach has not reached clinical fruition for melanoma due to major limitations associated with the development of resistance and subsequent side effects. These adverse effects might be bypassed by immunotherapy in the form of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) relying on the ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to target specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and to be used as carriers to specifically deliver cytotoxic warheads into corresponding tumor cells. Of late, the continued refinement of ADC therapeutic efficacy has given rise to photoimmunotherapy (PIT) (a light-sensitive compound conjugated to mAbs), which by virtue of requiring light activation only exerts its toxic effect on light-irradiated cells.
  • 758
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review Video
Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major global public health problem. Neurological damage from TBI may be mild, moderate, or severe and occurs both immediately at the time of impact (primary injury) and continues to evolve afterwards (secondary injury). In mild (m)TBI, common symptoms are headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Visual impairment is especially prevalent. Insomnia, attentional deficits and memory problems often occur. While symptoms resolve spontaneously in many, residual effects may linger for months or years in some mTBI patients. Optimally, the goal of any intervention is a return to baseline uninjured functioning with restoration of the ability to conduct daily activities.  
  • 758
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
This entry mainly describes the patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) in preterm infants with a special focus on it's effect on pulmonary vasculature. It also reviews the role of cardiac catheterization as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of a longstanding large PDA. It introduces the possible management strategies available in the cardiac catheterization laboratory for a preterm infants with a PDA and pulmonary hypertension. 
  • 757
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Dry Needling
Dry needling is a treatment performed by skilled, trained physical therapists, certified in the procedure. A thin monofilament needle penetrates the skin and treats underlying muscular trigger points for the management of neuromusculoskeletal pain and movement impairments.
  • 757
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Cancer
Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) is associated with sensitivity towards PARP inhibitors (PARPi) and its determination is used as a biomarker for therapy decision making.
  • 757
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
HA Filler-Induced Vascular Occlusion
Biocompatible hyaluronic acid (HA, hyaluronan) gel implants have altered the therapeutic landscape of surgery and medicine, fostering an array of innovative products that include viscosurgical aids, synovial supplements, and drug-eluting nanomaterials. However, it is perhaps the explosive growth in the cosmetic applications of injectable dermal fillers that has captured the brightest spotlight, emerging as the dominant modality in plastic surgery and aesthetic medicine. The popularity surge with which injectable HA fillers have risen to in vogue status has also brought a concomitant increase in the incidence of once-rare iatrogenic vaso-occlusive injuries ranging from disfiguring facial skin necrosis to disabling neuro-ophthalmological sequelae. As researchers' understanding of the pathophysiology of these injuries has evolved, supplemented by more than a century of astute observations, the formulation of novel therapeutic and preventative strategies has permitted the amelioration of this burdensome complication.
  • 758
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
DNA Damage Response
Genomic instability is responsible for the progression of acute leukemia, caused by the dysfunction of the DDR genes and activation of certain oncogenes
  • 757
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Fosfomycin as Partner Drug
Fosfomycin is being increasingly prescribed intravenously for multidrug‐resistant bacterial infections, usually administered as a partner drug. The knowledge of fosfomycin pharmacodynamicinteractions (synergistic, additive, indifferent and antagonistic effect) is fundamental for a properclinical management of severe bacterial infections. We performed a systematic review to point outfosfomycin’s synergistic properties.
  • 756
  • 02 Nov 2020
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